Direct Cardiac Reprogramming: Progress and Promise

Table 1

Summary of transcription factor direct cardiac reprogramming results.

Reprogramming factors	Mouse/human	In vitro/in vivo	Reported efficiency	Analysis method	Reference
GMT	Mouse	Both	4.8% cTnT+ (in vitro); 17% αMHC+ (in vitro)	FC	[11, 54]
GMHT	Mouse	Both	27.6% cTnT+ (in vitro)	FC	[16, 53]
GMHT, MyoD transactivation domain	Mouse	In vitro	19% cTnT+	IF	[17]
GMHT, Nkx2–5	Mouse	In vitro	1.6% GCaMP+	IF	[18]
MT, Myocd	Mouse	In vitro	12% cTnT+	FC	[19]
GMT, Myocd, Srf, Mesp1, Smarcd3	Mouse	In vitro	2.4% αMHC+	FC	[20]
ETS2, MESP1	Human	In vitro	13.7% αMHC+	FC	[21]
GMT, MESP1, MYOCD	Human	In vitro	5.9% cTnT+	FC	[22]
GMT, ESSRG, MESP1, MYOCD, ZFPM2	Human	In vitro	18.1% αMHC+	FC	[23]

FC: flow cytometry; IF: immunofluorescence.