Current Trends in Biomaterial Utilization for Cardiopulmonary System Regeneration

Table 1

Classifications of natural and synthetic biomaterials used in cardiac regeneration.

Biomaterials		Experimental studies			References
Classification	Subclassification	In vitro	In vivo	Clinical trials
Natural biomaterials: polysaccharide-derived	Chitosan	Yang et al. (2009): chitosan improved silk fibroin effect on rat MSC. Liu et al. (2013): chitosan improved the differentiation of ADSC.	Chi et al. (2013): BASC on chitosan improved overall cardiac function in MI rat models.	None reported.	[29, 33, 39, 40]
			Wang et al. (2010): chitosan improved the function of bFGF on cardiac function.
	Alginate	Wang et al. (2012): hydrogels from alginate can enhance the growth of stem cells.	Leor et al. (2000): RFCC in alginate scaffolds supported neovascularization in rat models.	None reported.	[42, 47, 48]
			Yeghiazarians et al. (2012): hESC with inhibited p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase on alginate scaffolds improved cardiac function with no immune response.
	Agarose	Dahlmann et al. (2013): agarose microwells supported the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to cardiomyocytes.		None reported.	[58]
	Hyaluronic acid	Yang et al. (2010): HA combined with SF seeded with rat MSCs enhanced cardiac gene expression.	Yoon et al. (2016): HA modified with polyethylene glycol-thiol reduced infarct size and promoted neovascularization in a rat model.	None reported.	[64–66]
		Göv et al. (2016): HA and gelatin enhanced the differentiation of human ADSC to CM.
Natural biomaterials: protein-derived	Collagen	Yu et al. (2017): type I collagen with carbon nanotubes boosted cardiac cell function.	Frederick et al. (2010): collagen-gold nanocomposite coated with MSCs improved neovascularization.	None reported.	[79–82]
		Sun et al. (2017): collagen hydrogels and carbon nanotubes improved cell alignment.	Hsieh et al. (2016): vitronectin-collagen improved ventricular function in rat models.
	Fibrin	Ye et al. (2013): fibrin scaffolds with thymosin β4 sustained swine MSC.	Ichihara et al. (2017): epicardial placement of bone marrow MSC in fibrin scaffold should have better retention of the MSC.	Menasché et al. (2014): trials in observing the prospects of fibrin patch with hESC-CPC on individuals with heart failure. To be completed in 2018	[87–90, 93]
		Nie et al. (2010) and Yang et al. (2012): fibrin scaffold manipulated by growth factors resembled native ECM of the human heart.
	Gelatin	Navaei et al. (2016): Ultraviolet cross-linkable gold nanorod-incorporated gelatin ethacrylate hybrid hydrogels improved cell metabolic activity.	Takehara et al. (2008): gelatin scaffold + bFGF + human cardiosphere-derived cells had a higher ejection fraction in pig MI models.	Yacoub et al. (2013) illustrated that bFGF in biodegradable gelatin hydrogel sheet implanted on the epicardium of human patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure leads to the continuous release of bFGF.	[98–100]
	Matrigel	Lam et al. (2017): matrigel enhanced the type I collagen matrix.	Zhang et al. (2017): matrigel and endothelial stem cells improved vascularization and electrical activity.	None reported.	[105, 106]
	Cardiogel	Chang et al. (2007): MSCs on cardiogel had better cellular expansion.	Matsuda et al. (2013): ASCs on cardiogel supported angiogenesis.	None reported.	[112, 115]
	Decellularized extracellular matrix	Pagano et al. (2017): CPCs thrived on healthy DECM.	Söylen et al. (2017): nonseeded decellularized homografts from human donors reduced complications with bovine jugular vein conduits.		[125, 129, 132]
		Lee et al. (2015): DECM from rat preserved and improved the survival of CM.
Synthetic		Mukherjee et al. (2011): poly(ε-caprolactone) combined with poly(L-lactic acid) and collagen supported rabbit CM.	Sugiura et al (2016): poly(L-lactic-co-ε-caprolactone) and polyglycolic acid supported human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived CM in athymic rat.	None reported.	[145, 147, 148]
		Castilho et al. (2017): poly(hydroxymethyl glycolide-co-ε-caprolactone) with melt electrospinning writing aligned the growth of cardiac progenitor cells.	Somasuntharam et al. (2013): polyketals serve as good vehicles for delivering siRNA to the MI heart.