Review Article
N6-Methyladenosine in RNA and DNA: An Epitranscriptomic and Epigenetic Player Implicated in Determination of Stem Cell Fate
Table 1
Machinery of adenosine methylation in DNA and RNA.
| Machinery | Component | Roles in the complex | Localization | Organism | Biological function |
| Writers for m6dA | DAMT-1 | Methylation of DNA adenosine | Nuclei | C. elegans | |
| Erasers for m6dA | DMAD | Demethylation of m6dA | Nuclei | Drosophila | | NMAD-1 | Demethylation of m6dA | Nuclei | C. elegans | ALKBH1 | Demethylation of m6dA and tRNA | Nuclei/cytoplasm | Mammals | FTO | Demethylation of m6dA and RNA m6A | Nuclei/cytoplasm | Mammals |
| Readers for m6dA | Unknown | Unknown | | | |
| Writers for m6A | METTL3 | m6A methyltransferase | Nuclei | | | METTL14 | Core component of the m6A methyltransferase in human | Nuclei | MT-A70 | Complex | Nuclei | WTAP | Regulatory component of the complex | Nuclei | KIAA1429 | Regulatory component of the complex | Nuclei |
| Erasers for m6A | ALKBH5 | m6A demethylase | Cytoplasm | Mammals | mRNA export and RNA metabolism | FTO | m6A demethylase | Cytoplasm | Mammals | Mammal fertility convert m6A to h-m6A, f-m6A |
| Readers for m6A | YTH family | | | | | (i) YTHDF1 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm | Mammals | Trigger/enhance translation of mRNA bearing m6A | (ii) YTHDF2 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm | | mRNA decay | Mouse female fertility | cap-independent | Translation in nuclear | (iii) YTHDF3 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm | Mammals | Concordance of YTHDF1 and YTHDF2 | (iv) YTHDC1 | m6A reader | Nuclei | Mammals | Facilitate inclusion of alternative exons | (v) YTHDC2 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm | Mammals | Fertility of mouse | hnRNP family | | | | | (i) hnRNP-A2/B1 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm | Mammals | Alternative splicing processing of miRNA | (ii) hnRNP-C | m6A reader | Cytoplasm | Mammals | Alternative splicing processing of miRNA | (iii) hnRNP-G | m6A reader | Cytoplasm | Mammals | | (iv) hnRNP-H1 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm | Mammals | (v) hnRNP-H2 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm | Mammals | KH/RM/RBD family | | | | | (i) FMR1 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm/nuclei mammals | | FMR1/YTHDF1 share overlapping mRNA targets | (ii) FXR1 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm/nuclei | | | (iii) FXR2 | m6A reader | Cytoplasm/nuclei | (iv) KHSRP | m6A reader | Cytoplasm/nuclei |
| Repellers for RNA m6A | (i) G3BP1 | Repel to m6A | Cytoplasm/nuclei mammals | | Positively affect stability of their target mRNAs | (ii) G3BP2 | Repel to m6A | Cytoplasm/nuclei | | (iii) CAPRINI | Repel to m6A | Cytoplasm/nuclei | (iv) USP10 | Repel to m6A | Cytoplasm/nuclei | (v) METTL16 | Repel to m6A | Cytoplasm/nuclei |
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