Review Article
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: From Discovery to Manufacturing and Commercialization
Table 2
Main features of the culture systems and bioreactors employed for MSC manufacturing.
| Features | Multilayered flasks | Stirred tank bioreactor | Rocking bioreactor | Fixed-bed bioreactor | Hollow fiber bioreactor |
| Homogeneity | No | Yes | Yes | No | Moderate (spatial concentration gradients) | Culture parameter control and monitoring | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Scale-up | Limited | Moderate | Moderate (up to 500 L) | Moderate | Moderate | Contamination risk | High (open system) | Low (closed system) | Low (closed system) | Low (closed system) | Low (closed system) | Shear stress | No | High | Moderate | Low | Low | Oxygen transfer | Low | High | High | Moderate | High | Culture operation mode | Batch | Batch, fed-batch, perfusion | Batch, fed-batch, perfusion | Batch, fed-batch, perfusion | Perfusion | Cell harvesting | Easy | Difficult | Difficult | Difficult | Easy |
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