Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome: Prospective and Challenges

Figure 1

Immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells. DC: dendritic cells; TSG-6: TNF-α-stimulated gene 6; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; M1: classically activated macrophages; M2: alternatively activated macrophages; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; IL-1Ra: IL-1 receptor antagonist; NK: natural killer T cells; IDO: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-beta; HLA-G5: human leukocyte antigen-G5; MC: mast cells; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; Th: T helper; Tfh: T follicular helper cell; Tregs: regulatory T cells; TLRs: Toll-like receptors; SDF-1α: stromal derived factor-1α; CXCR7: CXC chemokine receptor 7; Bregs: regulatory B cells; : controversial.