GM1 Ganglioside Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Tendon Stem Cells

Figure 2

Evaluation of hTSC differentiation either to osteoblasts and adipocytes upon GM1 treatment. (a) Gene expression of the osteogenic marker ALP by real-time PCR. hTSCs were differentiated toward osteoblasts for 17 days in osteogenic medium supplemented with exogenous 1, 10, 50, and 100 μM GM1. The results were compared to hTSCs differentiated in GM1-free osteogenic medium (O.D.). Ribosomal protein S14 gene was used as endogenous control. (b) Analysis and quantification of calcium deposits in hTSCs after osteogenic differentiation by alizarin red staining. Undifferentiated hTSCs and hTSCs differentiated in the presence of 50 μM and 100 μM GM1 were compared to hTSCs differentiated in GM1-free osteogenic medium (O.D.) and considered as controls. (c, d) Gene expression analysis of adipogenic markers, PPAR-γ and LPL, by real-time PCR. hTSCs were differentiated toward adipocytes for 21 days in adipogenic medium supplemented with exogenous 1, 10, 50, and 100 μM GM1. The results were compared to hTSCs differentiated in GM1-free adipogenic medium (A.D.). Ribosomal protein S14 gene was used as endogenous control. All data are means ± SD of four different experiments. The statistical analysis was determined by Student’s t-test. , .

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