Placenta and Placental Derivatives in Regenerative Therapies: Experimental Studies, History, and Prospects

Table 1

Worldwide progress in the research, preclinical studies, and clinical application of the placenta-derived material.

Forms of application of placental components	In research; (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) 2017	Clinical trials; (http://clinicaltrials.gov/) 2017	Pathology
Cord blood cells	>10,000	351	Aplastic anemia, haematological malignancies, cancer, traumatic brain injury, virus infection, limb ischemia, stroke, and brain ischemia
MSCs (derived from placental tissue, fetal membranes, Wharton’s jelly, and amniotic fluid)	>4000	39	Diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, myocardial infarction, strokes, peripheral neuropathy, trophic ulcers, Crohn’s disease, graft-versus-host disease, and pulmonary fibrosis, limb ischemia, cardiomyopathy, knee osteoarthrosis, diabetes mellitus, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and erectile dysfunction
Amniotic membrane	>1900	114	Corneal ulcers, corneal melting, injury, periodontitis, diabetic foot, foot ulcer burns, and adhesions
Placental extract	65	2	Keratinocytes, wound healing, rheumatoid arthritis, intervertebral disc degeneration, and climacteric symptoms in premenopausal women
Cord blood serum	7	3	Corneal epithelial wound
Amniotic fluid	4	—	Preventing fibrosis, adhesion, nerve, and bone regeneration