The Potential of Menstrual Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cartilage Repair and Regeneration: Novel Aspects

Table 1

The analysis of MenSC secretome in published studies.

Analyzed cytokines/growth factors	MenSCs positive for	Conclusion	Reference
MMP-3, MMP-10, GMCSF, PDGF-BB, ANG-2, VEGF, HGF, EGF	MMP-3, MMP-10, GM-CSF, PDGF-BB, ANG-2, VEGF, HGF, EGF	MenSCs share some properties of mesenchymal stem cells based on phenotype but functionally produce factors that are unique.	[3]
VEGF, BDNF, GDNF, NT-3	VEGF, BDNF, NT-3	Oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) conditions showed upregulation of VEGF, BDNF, and NT-3 in MenSCs, comparing to normal condition cultivation.	[8]
IL-10, IFN-γ, MCP-1, IDO1, COX-2, FOXP3	IDO1, COX-2, FOXP, IFN-γ, IL-10, MCP-1	MenSCs from patients with endometriosis express higher amounts of IDO1, IFN-γ, MCP-1, and IL-10.	[52]
Activin A, IL-6, Cox2, IDO, PDL-1	IL-6, Cox2, Activin A, IDO, PDL-1	MenSCs are less responsive to cytokine activation and express less immunosuppressive molecules compared to BMMSCs.	[22]
VEGF, HGF, IGF-1	VEGF, HGF, IGF-1	MenSCs make a significant stem cell population, producing cytokines, crucial for tissue repair and regeneration.	[53]
VEGF, FGF, KGF, HGF	VEGF, FGF-2, KGF, HGF	MenSCs secrete higher concentration of HGF than from dental pulp—MSCs at the sixth and tenth passage and had the lowest concentration in FGF (from P2 to P10).	[25]
MCP-1, IL-6, HGF, GRO, IL-8, OPG	MCP-1, IL-6, HGF, GRO, IL-8, OPG	MenSCs have a potential for reducing liver fibrosis in mice.	[54]

Abbreviations: BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; Cox: cyclooxygenase; EGF: epidermal growth factor; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; FOX: forkhead transcription factor; GDNF: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; GMCSF: granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; GRO: growth-related oncogene; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor; IDO: indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase; IFN: interferon; IGF: insulin-like growth factor; IL: interleukin; KGF: keratinocyte growth factor; MCP: monocyte chemoattractant protein; MMP: metalloprotease; NT: neurotrophin; ANG: angiogenic factor; OPG: osteoprotegerin; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; PDL: programmed cell death-ligand; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.