The Crosstalk between Cancer Stem Cells and Microenvironment Is Critical for Solid Tumor Progression: The Significant Contribution of Extracellular Vesicles

Table 1

Overview of biological interactions between tumor microenvironment and extracellular vesicles in solid cancer tumors.

Model	TME components	EV type	Cargo	Molecular targets	Ref.
Prostate cancer	NAF/CAF	LO	AKT	Myc activation	[66]
		Exosomes	miR-409	SOX and Nanog activation	[72]
	Macrophages	n.d.	ATG7 or IL6/STAT3	β-Catenin and Oct4 activation	[73]
	Osteoclasts	Exosomes	n.d.	DC-STAMP, TRAP, cathepsin K, and MMP9 inhibition	[76]
Breast cancer	NAF/CAF	Exosomes	miR-9	EFEMP1, COL1A1, and MMP1	[81]
			miR-21, -378e, and -143	Oct3/4, SOX2, and Nanog activation	[85]
	Preadipocytes	Exosomes	miR-149	SOX signaling	[88]
Lung cancer	Macrophages	Exosomes	miR-103a	PTEN modulation	[103]
	n.d.	n.d.	miR-125a, miR-126, and let7b	LKB1, AMPK/mTOR, p53, and PTEN/AKT	[104]
Colorectal cancer	Mesenchymal stromal cells	Exosomes	n.d.	Vacuolar H^+-ATPase protein	[112]
	Macrophages	n.d.	n.d.	IL33/prostaglandin E2 signaling	[113]
	n.d.	Exosomes	miR-196b-5p	STAT3 signaling	[114]