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| Force types | Cell source | Culture | Mechanical devices and parameter | Discoveries |
|
| Tension | | | | |
| [7] | Premolars from donors aged 12–18 | In alpha minimum essential medium (α-MEM); on pure plates | Self-made four-point bending system; cyclic tension; 0.5 Hz, 0.3%, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h | Increased osteogenic markers |
| [8] | Premolars from donors aged 12–24 | In osteoinductive medium; on collagen I-bonded 6-well plates | Flexcell FX-4000T Tension Plus System; cyclic tension, 0.1 Hz, 12%, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h | Increased osteogenic markers, decreased proliferation |
| [9] | Third molars | In Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM); on collagen I-coated membranes | Custom-built bioreactor system; cyclic tension, 0.5 Hz, 5%, 2 h | Increased markers of cardiomyogenesis |
| [10] | Third molars | In α-MEM; on collagen I-bonded Bioflex 6-well plates | Flexcell Tension System; dome-shaped equibiaxial static mechanics | Increased keratocyte markers |
| [11] | Premolars and third molars from healthy and chronic periodontitis patients | In α-MEM; on collagen I-bonded Bioflex 6-well plates | Flexcell FX-4000 T Tension Plus System; static tension, 0.1 Hz, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, and 14%, 12 h | Optimal magnitude in promoting proliferation and osteogenic activity is 12% for HPDLSCs and 8% for PPDLSCs |
| Compression | | | | |
| [6] | Third molars from donors aged 19–29 | In medium containing 6 mM of Ca2+ | A layer of glass cover and metal weights; static compression, 1/cm2, cultured for 12 h and 24 h after force withdrawal | Altered cell morphology and repressed collagen expression, which both recovered after force withdrawal |
| [5] | Healthy teeth | In α-MEM; on pure plates | Hydraulic pressure-controlled cellular strain unit; 1000g/cm2, 1 h and 12 h | Increased and reduced osteogenic markers after 1 h and 12; reduced and upregulated ratios of RANKL and OPG after 1 h and 12 h, respectively |
| Vibration | | | | |
| [12] | Premolar from donors aged 12–16 | In α-MEM; on parallel six-well plates | GJX-5 vibration sensor; 10–180 Hz, 0.3, 30mins/24 h | Decreased proliferation and increased osteogenic markers in a frequency-dependent manner, with significant peaks at 50 Hz |
| [13] | Premolar from donors aged 12–16 | In α-MEM; on parallel six-well plates | GJX-5 vibration sensor; 50 Hz, 0.05 to 0.9, 30mins/24 h | Decreased proliferation and increased osteogenic markers in magnitude-dependent manners, with significant peaks at 0.3; no obvious senescent cells |
| Ultrasound [14] | Six-week-old male Wistar Han rats | In α-MEM; on 6-well plates | A DuoSon therapeutic ultrasound device; 1 MHz, 5 or 20 mins | Increased proliferation |
| Microgravity [15] | Premolars and third molars | In DMEM; on Cytodex 3 microcarriers | Rotating bioreactor; 15 rpm, 24 h | Alterations of morphology, increased proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation |
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