Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemic Tissues

Table 1

The advantages and limitations of hMSCs for the treatment of ischemic tissues.

Advantages	Limitations
hMSCs may repair injured vessels and ischemic tissues through their unique immunomodulation properties and paracrine mechanisms [13].	It is difficult to obtain sufficient numbers of healthy autologous hMSCs from elderly patients or patients with severe diseases [101].
hMSCs can be isolated from various locations within the human body and easily expanded in vitro [102].	The successful rate of differentiation of transplanted hMSCs into fully functional cardiomyocytes or neurons in a recipient remains elusive [103].
hMSCs provide a less invasive treatment procedure with low risk of adverse effects compared to surgical and pharmacological approaches [104].	hMSCs have a limited replicative lifespan [107].
hMSCs are relatively well characterized, and its clinical use can avoid the ethical concerns related to embryonic stem cells [105, 106].