Current Therapeutic Strategies for Stem Cell-Based Cartilage Regeneration

Table 1

Studies that attempted to induce chondrogenic differentiation of iPSCs.

Year	Reference	MSC-like cell induction method	Chondrogenesis method	Primary cells used for reprogramming	Growth factors	Animal experiments
2011	Medvedev et al. [183]	—	Direct media change of EBs	Human fetal neural stem cells	TGFβ3, BMP2	—
2012	Koyama et al. [184]	EB formation, outgrowth cell induction	Pellet culture	Human dermal fibroblasts	TGFβ3	—
2012	Diekman et al. [186]	Micromass culture for predifferentiation	Pellet culture	Mouse fibroblasts	TGFβ3	—
2013	Guzzo et al. [216]	Monolayer culture on gelatin-coated plates	Micromass culture, pellet culture	Human dermal fibroblasts	BMP2	—
2014	Guzzo et al. [216]	—	Micromass culture	Human dermal fibroblasts, human articular chondrocytes, human cord blood cells	BMP2	—
2014	Ko et al. [16]	EB culture	Micromass culture	Human dermal fibroblasts	TGFβ3	hiPSC-derived chondrocytes implanted into osteochondral defects of immunosuppressed rats as pellets or in alginate hydrogels
2015	Nejadnik et al. [131]	Monolayer culture	Pellet culture	Human adipose-derived stem cells, human dermal fibroblasts	TGFβ3	hiPSC-derived chondrocytes expressed human vimentin and integrated with host articular cartilage
2015	Yamashita et al. [191]	Monolayer culture	Monolayer culture to induce cartilaginous nodules	Human dermal fibroblasts		Chondrogenic nodules implanted into defected regions of SCID rats and mini-pigs
2016	Zhu et al. [190]	—	Direct media change of EBs and transfer to gelatin-coated plates for chondrocyte induction	Human dermal fibroblasts	TGFβ1	Single hiPSC-derived chondrocytes directly injected into the knee joints of a MIA-induced rat model of OA
2017	Nam et al. [14, 185]	EB formation, outgrowth cell induction	Pellet culture	Human cord blood mononuclear cells	TGFβ3, BMP2	—