Review Article
Direct Control of Stem Cell Behavior Using Biomaterials and Genetic Factors
Table 4
iPSC reprogramming and type of gene transfection.
| Type | Advantages | Disadvantages | Transgene expression | Efficiency | Ref. |
| Virus | | | | | | Adenovirus | Nonintegrative; infects dividing and nondividing cells | Low efficiency | No | 0.0001~0.01% | [84, 85] | Lenti/retrovirus | Ease of handling with experience; medium–high efficacy | Integration of foreign DNA into genome; residual expression of reprogramming factors; controversy regarding tumor formation | Yes | 0.1~1% | [73, 125] | Sendai virus | Medium–high efficiency; nonintegrating; robust protein-expressing property; wide host range | Involve viral transduction | No | 0.5~1.0% | [88, 89] | Plasmid vector | | | | | | Episomal | Nonintegrative; simple to implement to laboratory setup; less time-consuming | Very low efficiency; the use of potent viral oncoprotein (SV40LT antigen) | No | 3–6 × 10 − 6 | [87, 126] | Minicircle | More persistent transgene expression; lack bacterial origin | Very low efficiency | No | 0.01% | [127] | miRNA | Relative high efficiency; nonintegration; easily automated, making it an exciting candidate for routine biomanufacture. | Requires high gene dosages and multiple transfections; daily transfection; controversy in reproducibility and mitigating cost effectiveness | No | 1.4~2% | [128, 129] | PiggyBac transposons | Elimination of insertional mutagenesis; no footprint upon excision; higher genome integration efficiency | Inefficient excision, potential for genomic toxicity | Excision with transposase | 0.1~1% | [80] | Protein | Free of genetic materials; direct delivery of reprogramming factor proteins | Slow kinetics, low efficiency; difficulties in generation and purification of reprogramming protein | No | 0.005~0.001% | [130] | Small molecules | Ease of handling; no requirements for reprogramming factors | More than one target, toxicity | No | 0.3~0.5% | [86] |
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