Differentiation of Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth into Retinal Photoreceptor-Like Cells and Their Sustainability In Vivo

Table 1

Photoreceptor cells differentiation in previous studies.

Cells	Induction period	Photoreceptor precursor generation rate	Photoreceptor generation rates	Reference
Human ESCs	Over 3 weeks	~12%	<0.01% for rods and cones	Lamba et al., 2006 [17]
Human ESCs	130-170 days	~11.3-19.6%	~5.1-8.5% for rods; ~8.9-9.4% for cones	Osakada et al., 2008 [19]
Human ESCs/iPSCs	>80 days	~63.0%/14.4%	~46.4% for cones, unavailable for rods/44.6% for cones, unavailable for rods	Meyer et al., 2009 [18]
Human iPSCs	45 days	~16%	~18% for rods; 52-60% for cones	Mellough et al., 2012 [24]
Human ESCs	4-5 weeks	~70%	60%–80% for cones	Zhou et al., 2015 [49]