Design Principles for Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Organoid Engineering

Table 1

Bioengineering approaches to control cell organization into PSC-derived organoids.

Self-organization control	Self-assembly	Scaffold-free approaches	Hanging drop method		[73–77]
			V-bottomed and round-bottomed multiwell plates
			Microwells
		Scaffold for imposing external and internal architecture	Nanotopography	Electrospinning	[88]
				Electron beam
				Selective etching
				Nanoimprinting
			3D printing	Nozzle	[93, 94, 96, 188]
				Laser
				Inkjet
		Manipulation of organoid assembly	DNA-programmed assembly of cells		[100, 101]
			3D bioprinting	Inkjet bioprinting	[102–110, 112, 113, 189]
				Microextrusion systems
				Laser-based direct-write techniques
	Self-patterning and self-morphogenesis	Spatiotemporal control of mechanical signals	Synthetic ECM	Adhesion peptides	[146–148]
				Peptide substrates
				Combined hydrogels
			DNA-directed assembly of shape-controlled units		[149]
			Light-mediated patterning		[150, 151]
			pH-mediated patterning		[152]
			Supramolecular “host-guest” interactions		[153]
			Enzymatic reaction-mediated patterning		[154]
		Spatiotemporal control of morphogen diffusion	Light-mediated patterning		[160, 161]
			Microfluidic systems		[163, 167]
			Micro/nanoparticles		[170–172]