Perspectives for Clinical Translation of Adipose Stromal/Stem Cells

Table 1

Signalling proteins and some of their functions in MSC-mediated immunomodulation.

Signalling protein	Abbreviation	Function
Interferon γ	IFN-γ	Stimulates MSCs to elicit immunosuppressive factors [106]; immunomodulatory functions [85, 107]; immunosuppression [90, 96]; induces adhesion molecule expression [95, 96]; regulates chemokine expression [108]
Tumour necrosis factor α	TNF-α	Immunomodulatory functions [85, 107]; immunosuppression [90, 96]; regulates chemokine expression [108]
Indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase	IDO	Immunosuppression [90, 109–111]; inhibits T cell proliferation [112]; promotes type II macrophage differentiation [113]; impairs NK cell activity [114]
Prostaglandin E2	PGE2	Immunosuppression [5, 110, 115, 116]; induces Foxp3+ Tregs [117]; inhibits NK cell function [116, 118]; induces type M2 macrophages [92]; inhibits dendritic cell maturation [119]
Galectin-1	Gal-1	Immunosuppression [120–122]; inhibits T cell proliferation [123]; modulates release of cytokines, such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-10 [120]
Galectin-3	Gal-3	Immunosuppression [121, 122, 124]; induces T cell proliferation [124]
Transforming growth factor β1	TGF-β1	Multiple actions in innate and adaptive immunity, important factor in maintaining immune tolerance [125]; immunosuppression, suppresses T cells and several cytokines, such as TNF-α and IFN-γ [110, 126–128]; induces T regs [129]; inhibits NK cell activation and function [116]
Interleukin 6	IL-6	Supports or suppresses inflammation, depending on context [130]; prevents monocyte differentiation toward antigen-presenting cells [131]; inhibits T cell proliferation [132]; inhibits dendritic cell differentiation [133]; anti-inflammatory effects mediated through inhibition of TNF-α [134]
Interleukin 10	IL-10	Inhibits T cell responses, decreases Th17 cell differentiation [135, 136]
Interleukin 8	CXCL8/IL-8	Induces extracellular matrix degradation [137]; promotes angiogenesis [138]; regulates neutrophil and mast cell functions [139]
C-C chemokine ligands 2 and 5	CCL2/MCP-1 CCL5/RANTES	Promote T cell chemotaxis, attract immune cell or MSC migration to sites of injury or inflammation [137]; induce extracellular matrix degradation [137]; regulate monocyte and effector and memory T cell functions [139]; CCL2 regulates monocyte mobilisation and macrophage infiltration [140]; CCL5 has T cell co-stimulatory functions [141]
CXC chemokine ligand 10	CXCL10/IP-10	Induces MSC migration to inflammation sites [108, 142]; regulates dendritic cells and effector, memory, and regulatory T cell functions [139]