Safety and Feasibility of Repeated Intrathecal Allogeneic Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Patients with Neurological Diseases

Table 8

Clinical studies of intrathecal non-MSCs stem cells described in the literature.

Authors/country	Diagnosis	No. of treated patients	Stem cell type	Transplant type	Dose per injection	Injection frequency	Follow-up	Adverse events (person-time)
Callera and do Nascimento [40]/Brazil	SCI	10	Auto-BM HSCs	IT		1	12 weeks	Uneventful
Kumar et al. [41]/India	SCI	297	Auto-BM MCs	IT		1	18.4–20.5 months	Fever (95); headache (67); tingling sensation (68); spasm (1); neuropathic sensory symptoms (17)
Yang et al. [45]/China	Degenerative conditions	114	CBMCs	IT+IV		4–5, weekly	4–5 weeks	Headache (19); fever (7); waist pain (5); shivering (3); vomiting (2); lower limb pain (2) (total: 592 person-time)
Sharma et al. [43]/India	MD; SCI; CP; Miscellaneous	38; 4; 20; 9	Auto-BM MCs	IT+IM		1	6–24 months	Headache (12); nausea (7); backache (10); vomiting (5)
Saito et al. [42]/Japan	SCI	5	Auto-BM MCs	IT		1	6 months	None
Lv et al. [38]/China	Autism	23	CBMCs	IT+IV		2-3, at 5–7-day intervals	6 months	Fever (3)
Mancias-Guerra et al. [44]/Mexico	CP	18	Auto-BM MCs	IT+IV		1	6 months	Headache (2); vomiting (2); fever (1); stiff neck (1); lingual oedema (1); laryngeal stridor (1)
Zali et al. [46]/Iran	CP	12	Auto-BM PCs	IT		1	6 months	Headache (5); nausea and vomiting (5); seizure (1); back pain (11)
Bansal et al. [47]/India	Autism	10	Auto-BM AC	IT	Not mentioned	1	24 months	None
Bansal et al. [48]/India	SCI	10	Auto-BM SCs	IT	Not mentioned	3, monthly	12 months	Spastic contraction (1); calf muscle pain (1); bronchoconstriction (1)
Liu et al. [35]/China	CP	34	Auto-BM MCs	IT		4, at 3–4-day intervals	12 months	Fever (3); nausea, vomiting, and headache (6)

Abbreviations: CP, cerebral palsy; MD, muscular dystrophy; SCI, spinal cord injury. Included (no. of patients): paraplegia (42), ataxia (23), multiple sclerosis (19), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (12), sequelae of cerebrovascular diseases (6), multiple system atrophy (4), motor neuron disease (2), cerebral palsy (1), nerve injury (brachial plexus) (1), traumatic brain injury sequelae (1), hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy sequelae (1), cervical spondylotic myelopathy (1), and optic nerve hypoplasia (1). Auto: autologous; AC: aspirate concentrate; BM: bone marrow; CBMCs: cord blood mononuclear cells; HSCs: haematopoietic stem cells; MCs: mononuclear cells; PCs: progenitor cells; SCs: stem cells; UCMSCs: umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells.