Multiscale Stem Cell Technologies for Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

Figure 5

Stem cell scaffolds for ONFH treatment and other promising designs of stem cell scaffold designs. (a) The porous tantalum metal rod for supporting the necrosis of the femoral head. (b) The bone ceramic scaffold with similar dimensions as cancellous bone trabeculae (). Figure adapted from ref. [96], John Wiley & Sons Publishers Ltd. (c) The CPC scaffold loaded on microspheres (BMP and VEGF loaded on PLGA microspheres) and BMSC in the operation. Figure adapted from ref. [90], Elsevier Publishers Ltd. (d) 3D-printing PLGA/tricalcium scaffold with the polylactic acid-co-glycolic acid/tricalcium phosphate. Figure adapted from ref. [91], Elsevier Publishers Ltd. (e) Hyperelastic bone fabricated via 3D printing and liquid inks consisted of hydroxyapatite and polycaprolactone or PLGA. Figure adapted from ref. [100], The American Association for the Advancement of Science Publishers Ltd. (f) Low-elastic modulus titanium alloy 3D-printed mesh scaffold (more conducive to bone growth). Figure adapted from ref. [101], The American Association for the Advancement of Science Publishers Ltd. (g) Tissue engineered anatomical autologous bone scaffold used for facial reconstruction in high fidelity. Figure adapted from ref. [102], The American Association for the Advancement of Science Publishers Ltd.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)