|
| Disorders/treatment/diagnosis | Detailed effect |
|
| Digestive system disease | Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome | Restore tight junction proteins, increase claudin-1 expression, and improve permeability [121] |
| | Crohn’s disease | Increase the insoluble fraction of claudin-1 and occludin proteins, prevent the tight junction proteins, and maintain the intercellular junction [122] |
| | Short bowel syndrome | Provide energy for enterocytes, enhance the transport of sodium and water in the ileum, and upregulate intracellular protein synthesis [123–125] |
| | Acute pancreatitis | Improve lymphocyte proliferation, reduce proinflammatory cytokine, release C-reactive protein, and improve the nutritional status [126, 127] |
| | Cirrhotic | Increase blood ammonia [128] |
|
| Circulation system disease | Sickle cell disease | Raise the NAD redox ratio within sickle cells and synthesize NAD and decrease endothelial cell adhesion in sickled red cells [129, 130] |
| | Heart failure | Maintain a positive nitrogen balance and activate the suppressed oxidative metabolism [131] |
|
| Locomotor system disease | Duchenne muscular dystrophy | Inhibit whole-body protein degradation and stimulate insulin secretion [132, 133] |
|
| Systemic disorders | Critically ill patients | Maintain high level of HSP70 [134] |
| | Sepsis | Increase immune response, donate nitrogen for many anabolic processes, and promote wound healing [135] |
| | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | Delay gastric emptying to lower glycemia, stimulate GLP-1 concentration, and increase circulating insulin |
| | Low birthweight infants | Aid in maturation of the intestinal tract enhances growth, development, and function of the immunologic system [136, 137] |
|
| Imaging diagnosis | PET assay of tumor | A potential tumor biomarker for targeted radiotracer imaging [138] |
|
| Regulatory effect on certain treatments | Radiotherapy-induced toxicities | Protective effects of diarrhea minimized dermatitis [139, 140] |
| | Chemotherapy-induced toxicities | Treat neuropathy induced by vincristine and decrease mucositis severity [141–144] |
| | Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation | Improve CD3+ and CD4+lymphocyte recovery [145, 146] |
| | Liver transplantation | Synthesize glutathione and protect the liver graft against lipid peroxidation [147] |
| | Cardiac surgery | Enhance cell survival, attenuate the systemic inflammatory response, and prevent intracellular lactate accumulation [148, 149] |
| | Total knee replacement (TKA) | Suppress the loss of muscle strength after TKA [150] |
|
