Autologous nasal chondrocytes and articular chondrocytes Goat
In vitro In vivo
In vitro: 2 weeks In vivo: 5 weeks: cell plasticity; 3 and 6 months: preclinical effectiveness
Knee Goat
Collagen type I/III scaffold
In vitro: nasal chondrocytes: more efficient chondrogenic differentiation than articular chondrocytes (cloning and subcloning) In vivo: nasal chondrocytes gave a higher cartilage repair tissue quality than articular chondrocytes
Nasal chondrocytes () Human
In vivo
In vitro: 1 week In vivo: 5 weeks
Subcutaneous Nude mice
Collagen type I/III scaffold
Stability of Hox gene expression
Nasal chondrocytes (septum) Human
Clinical trial Phase 1
4 weeks before implantation
Traumatic injury Knee Human
Collagen type I/III scaffold
(1) No systemic or local adverse events for follow-up patients to 18 months after implantation (2) Filling of the defect and no graft delamination, with strong reduction of subchondral bone edema 4 months after surgery
Collagen type I and type III membrane (chondro-Gide)
Typical structures of articular cartilage with nasal chondrocytes. Efficient integration of the grafted tissues with the adjacent native cartilage and underlying subchondral bone with nasal chondrocytes No sign of osteoarthritis following the graft with nasal chondrocytes as compared to articular chondrocytes
No adverse reactions Self-assessed clinical scores for pain, knee function, and quality of life were significantly improved Radiological assessments indicated variable degrees of defect filling and development of repair tissue approaching the composition of a native hyaline-like cartilage
Nude mice
In vivo (tumorigenic tests)
8 weeks
Subcutaneous pockets
Collagen type I/III scaffold
Tumor-free tissues All explanted organs appeared macroscopically normal and no evidence of tumor formation was observed histologically
GSC in chondrogenic differentiation medium showed SOX9-dependent differentiation to both chondrocyte and synoviocyte lineages GSC in 3-week old medium: synovial cells peripheral positive to CAD-11
IPSC (human) CD271+PDGFRa+CD73+ from the PAX3/SOX10/FOXD3-
In vitro In vivo
12 weeks
Dorsal skin NODScid/NSG mice
Gelfoam
The ectomesenchymal cells were expandable without loss of chondrogenic potential for at least 16 passages TGF-β3 promotes efficiently of these cells to form translucent cartilage particles, which were completely mineralized in 12 weeks in NODScid/NSG mice
Neural crest-derived mesenchymal stem cells from IPSC (iNCMSC)
In vitro In vivo
7 weeks
Osteochondral defect in euthymic nude rats
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TGF-β3 alone in chondrogenic medium is not enough to ensure chondrogenic differentiation. BMP2 is required In vivo, chondrogenic particles failed to restore osteochondral defect contrary to BM-MSC