Immunomodulatory Functions of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering

Table 1

Material	Scaffold structure	Stem cell source	Stem cell pretreatment	Function	Reference
MSC	3D spheroid	Human bone marrow-derived	Interleukin- (IL-) 1	The 3D MSC construct was reduced in LPS-induced TNF-a secretion and decreased IL-6 secretion	[58]
PLA/chitosan	Cylinders	Human bone marrow-derived	no	MSC interaction with macrophage within 3D scaffolds hampers fibroblast recruitment	[60]
MSC	3D spheroid	Human bone marrow-derived	IFN-g	MSCs express high levels of proliferating genes, lower levels of inflammation, apoptosis, and senescence genes in 3D	[59]
MSC	3D spheroid	Human adipose-derived	no	Increased angiogenic cytokine levels and immunosuppression against apoptosis in MSC spheroids	[57]
MSC	ALN bioreactor system	Rat bone marrow-derived	no	High function efficacy of MSC in the ALN-reactor system than the 2D culture	[61]