|
Dynamics | Key factors | Modulation | Effect on stem cell or iPSC behavior | References |
|
Mito-fission | Drp1, Fis1 | Downregulation of Drp1 | Promote stem cell differentiation | [10, 16, 17] |
Lose stemness | [17, 18] |
Decrease reprogramming efficiency to iPSCs | [11, 19] |
Downregulation of Drp1/Fis1 | Block apoptosis | [38–41] |
Upregulation of Drp1 | Improve reprogramming efficiency to iPSCs | [20] |
Lose stemness | [21, 22] |
|
Mito-fission | OPA1, Mfn 1/2 | Downregulation of OPA1/Mfn1/2 | Impair stem cell differentiation | [12, 42, 45] |
Promote neuron stem cell differentiation | [30] |
Impair iPSC differentiation | [44] |
Impair self-renewal | [30, 47] |
Improve reprogramming efficiency | [9] |
Upregulation of Mfn 2 | Promote stem cell differentiation | [43] |
Induce iPSC differentiation | [44] |
Protect cell from apoptosis | [48, 49] |
|
Mitophagy | Pink1, Parkin, Atg12, Atg3, Bnip3 | Downregulation of Atg12/Atg3/Fis1/Pink1/Parkin | Impair self-renewal | [50–53] |
Decrease reprogramming efficiency to iPSCs | [51, 54] |
Downregulation of Atg12/Pink1 | Promote stem cell differentiation | [50, 54] |
Downregulation of Atg3 | Display abnormal differentiation | [51] |
Downregulation of Pink1 | Impair neuron stem cell differentiation | [57] |
Downregulation of Pink1/Parkin/Bnip3 | Lose the function of protecting the cell from apoptosis | [59–61] |
|
Mito-biogenesis | PGC1α | Inhibition of biogenesis | Inhibit differentiation | [62] |
Inhibition or activation of biogenesis | Lose stemness | [64, 65] |
Inhibition of biogenesis | Cause cell death | [66] |
Activation of biogenesis | Promote stem cell differentiation | [63] |
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