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| Graphene-based scaffolds | Tissue engineering applications | Observations | References |
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Antibody coated Au-nanoparticles on pyrolytic graphite
Graphene oxide-based silk fibroin (SF) nanoparticles | Immunosensor for stem and carcinoma cell through Nanog detection
Stem cell differentiation | Good sensitivity (0.1-160 pg/mL) in human embryonic stem cell lysates
Accelerated early cell adhesion and induced osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs | [102, 131] |
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| Graphene-coated surfaces, e.g., polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), glass, and Si/SiO2 substrates | Stem cell differentiation | Controlled and accelerated differentiation of hMSCs
Accelerated adherence of human osteoblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells | [132–134] |
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| Graphene oxide/graphene oxide-coated surfaces | Culture and differentiation of stem cells | Induced pluripotent stem cell culture and differentiation
Improved stem cell adhesion and differentiation | [135, 136] |
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| Graphene foam | Stem cell differentiation | Promotion of osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs
Promotion of neural stem cell (NSCs) differentiation into astrocytes and neurons
Promotion of in vivo mimicking conditions as well as effective cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation towards any desired tissue regeneration
Increased cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs)
Promotion of mouse mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation toward dopaminergic neurons | [137–141] |
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| Activated charcoal | Stem cell differentiation | Promotion of human embryonic stem cell differentiation toward neuronal lineage | [142] |
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| Fluorinated graphene | Stem cell differentiation | Promotion of human stem cells into neuronal lineage | [143] |
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| Graphene microfiber | Stem cells differentiation | Promotion of adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) | [144] |
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