Oral Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells: The Immunomodulatory Masters

Figure 3

Immunomodulatory “crosstalk” between oral MSCs and mast cells, macrophages (with their M1 and M2 phenotypes), dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells. COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IDO: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; TGF: transforming growth factor. Red lines: inhibition, black arrows: secretion/stimulation, blue dotted line box: soluble factors and transmembrane protein secreted by oral MSCs, blue solid line box: stimuli secreted by immune cells.