Clinical Application Status of Articular Cartilage Regeneration Techniques: Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Brings New Hope

Table 1

Representative tissue-engineered articular cartilage products.

Classification	Product	Company	Application status	Seed cells	References
PACI	CAIS	Depuy (USA)	Phase I clinical trial has been completed	Autologous cartilage particles	[33]
	DeNovo NT	Zimmer (USA)	On the market	Allogenic juvenile cartilage particles	[34, 35]
“Cell-scaffold constructs” strategies	Bioseed®-C	BioTissue (Germany)	On the market in some European countries with more than 3,000 clinical applications.	Autologous chondrocytes (expansion in vitro)	[44, 52, 53],
	Hyalograft® C	Fidia Advanced Biopolymers (Italy)	Off the market, clinical applications exceeding 5,000	Autologous chondrocytes (expansion in vitro)	[44, 54, 55]
	CaReS®	Arthro Kinetics Biotechnology GmbH (Austria)	On the market in some European countries, Turkey, Iran, and China.	Autologous chondrocytes (primary)	[56]
	NeoCart®	Histogenics (USA)	Phase III clinical trial has been completed	Autologous chondrocytes (expansion in vitro)	[57, 58]
Cell-free strategies	TruFit	Smith & Nephew (USA)	On the market	/	[114–119]
	MaioRegen	Fin-Ceramica Faenza SpA (Italy)	On the market	/	[120, 121]
Scaffold-free strategies	Chondrosphere®(spherox)	Co.Don AG (Germany)	On the market	Autologous chondrocytes (spheroids)	[125, 126]