Immortalizing Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Aged Donors While Keeping Their Essential Features

Table 1

List of spinoculation experiments found in the literature, detailing spinoculation conditions, chemical adjuvants employed, target cell type, type of virus used, and packaging cells employed to produce them. HDMB: hexadimethrine bromide; PEG: polyethylene glycol; RT: room temperature.

Target cell type	Packaging cells	Virus	Adjuvants	Spinoculation conditions	Objective	Reference
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)	293 T cells	Lentivirus	10 μg/ml HDMB and 1000 μg/ml P338	800 × 90 min RT	Optimizing transduction of haematopoietic cells in vitro	[22]
CD3^+ T cells	293 T cells	Lentivirus	8 μg/ml HDMB	800 × 90 min 32°C	Transducing human T cells	[28]
T follicular helper cells	293 T cells	Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)	None	1200 × 120 min RT	Investigating T follicular helper cells permissivity to HIV ex vivo	[26]
Hematopoietic cells, lymphoid cell lines, and thymocytes	293 T cells	Retrovirus or lentivirus	5 μg/ml HDMB	460 × 60-90 min RT	Presenting protocols to transduce lymphoid progenitors with viral vectors	[20]
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)	293 T cells	HIV	None	1200 × 120 min 30 °C	Determining whether medroxyprogesterone acetate increases HIV infection of unstimulated PBMCs	[30]
HBV receptor-complemented HepG2 cell line	HepDE19 cells	Hepatitis B virus (HBV)	4% PEG-8000	1000 × 60 min RT	Establishing an in vitro model of HBV infection	[33]
Lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs)	MOLT4-CCR5 cells	HIV	None	1200 × 120 min RT	Modelling the interactions of gut LPMCs, HIV-1, and Escherichia coli	[32]
HIV Rev-dependent GFP indicator cell line (Rev-CEM) and primary CD4 T cells	HeLa cells	HIV	None	300-1200 × 2 hours RT, with Rev-CEM cells showing greater enhancement at 600 × and primary CD4 T cells showing greater enhancement at 300 ×	Examining the response of cortical actin to centrifugal pressure and ensuing effects on HIV-1 infection	[23]
Keratinocytes and fibroblasts	Phoenix cells	Retrovirus	1-5 μg/ml HDMB	Two spinoculations at 750 × 45 min 24 hours apart	Generating induced pluripotent stem cells	[29]; [21]
Hepatic cell line Huh7.5.1	Huh7 cells	Hepatitis C virus (HCV)	None	500-1000 × 30-120 min RT, showing greater enhancement of infection at 1000 × 120 min	Investigating the effect of low-speed centrifugation on HCV infection of human hepatocytes	[34]
Transfected CHO-K1 and CHO-745 cells	Vero cells	Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1)	None	1200 × 120 min 37°C	Examining the dependence of HSV-1 entry receptors on heparan sulfate	[31]
Haematopoietic cells	Phoenix cells	Retrovirus	0.8 μg/ml HDMB	Two spinoculations of 45 min RT 6 hours apart; repeated 1-4 days depending on cell type	Characterizing the efficiency of gene transfer in human haemopoietic cells using the Pinco-Phoenix system	[25]
Feline whole fetus cells (fcwf-4)	—	Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) grown in fcwf-4	None	400 × 0-180 min RT, with increasing enhancement until 120 min of spinoculation	Investigating the effect of centrifugation on the ability of FIPV to infect cells in culture	[24]
NIH-3T3 TK^- and HUT 78 cells (human T cell leukemia line)	22 producer cell lines derived from PA317 line	Retrovirus	8 μg/ml HDMB	1600 × 90 min 32°C	Optimizing methods of retroviral vector production and transduction	[27]