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MSC source/type | Model used | Route of administration | Condition | Vital mechanisms | Outcome | Reference |
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Adipose/allogeneic | BALB/c mice | Intraperitoneal injection | Colitis in CD | (i) Downregulation of Th1 (ii) Impaired Th1 cell expansion (iii) Induced/activated CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells | (i) Ameliorated clinical and histopathologic severity of colitis (ii) Abrogated body weight loss, diarrhea, and inflammation (iii) Increased survival | [96] |
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Umbilical cord | C57BL/6 mice | Intravenous injection | AOM and DSS-induced colitis-associated CRC | (i) Decreased expression of Ki-67 (ii) MSCs secreted TGF-β to induce Treg cells from naïve T cells (iii) Activated Smad2 signaling | (i) Longer colon length and decreased tumor numbers (ii) Alleviated pathology of inflammation and inhibited inflammation cytokines (iii) Suppressed development of colitis-associated CRC | [100] |
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Bone marrow | C57Bl/6 mice | Tail vein or intraperitoneal Injection | TNBS induced colitis | Increased Foxp3+ splenocytes/regulatory T cells in a CD11b+ cell-dependent manner | (i) Improved symptoms of colitis (ii) Improved survival (tail vein injection) (iii) No significant improvement in survival (intraperitoneal inj) (iv) Nearly complete absence of occult blood in feces (v) Inhibited histopathological changes in gut-associated tissue | [88] |
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Adipose | SD-OFA rats | Endoscopic submucosal injection | TNBS-induced colitis | Recovered Foxp3 and IL-10 mRNA levels | (i) Weight lose recovered (ii) Improved endoscopic score (iii) Significantly recovered colon length | [41] |
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Adipose | Balb/c mice | Intraperitoneal injection | TNBS and DSS induced colitis | (i) ASCs induce a distinct regulatory activation state of macrophages (ii) High arginase activity and increased production of IL-10 (iii) Immunosuppression of T-cells and macrophages (iv) Activation of cyclo-oxygenase-2 | (i) Inhibited colitis reducing mortality and weight loss (ii) Reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines (iii) -Reduced transmural inflammation, mucin-producing goblet cell depletion, epithelial ulceration, disseminated fibrosis, focal loss of crypts, and infiltration of inflammatory cells | [90] |
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Umbilical cord | Mice | Intravenous injection | TNBS-induced colitis | Down-regulated levels of IL-17, IL-23, IFN-γ, and IL-6 | (i) Improved clinical and pathological signs of colitis (ii) Effectively ameliorated colitis | [95] |
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Bone marrow | BALB/c mice | Intravenous injection | TNBS-induced colitis | (i) Activated CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (TGF-β, IL-10, Foxp3) (ii) Downregulated Th1-Th17-driven autoimmune and inflammatory responses (IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, T-bet; IL-6, IL-17, RORγt) (iii) Upregulated Th2 activities (IL-4, IL-10, GATA-3) | (i) Ameliorated clinical and histopathologic severity of colitis, including body weight loss, diarrhea and inflammation (ii) Increased survival (iii) Promoted proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells and differentiation of intestinal stem cells | [94] |
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Umbilical cord | NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J mice | Tail vein injection | DSS induced colitis | (i) Decreased MPO levels hence reduced neutrophil infiltration (ii) Decreased MMP2 and MMP9 activities | (i) Significantly reduced DAI with attenuated presence of bloody stools, weight loss and colon length. (ii) Reduced inflammation and inflammatory cell infiltration, crypt damage, and edema of submucosa | [101] |
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Umbilical cord | BALB/c mice | Intraperitoneal injection | TNBS-induced colitis | (i) Increased Tregs and CD5+ B cells and decreased Th1, Th17 cells (ii) -CD5+ B cells inhibited T-cell proliferation and produced IL-10 | (i) Increased survival rates, relieved symptoms, and improved macroscopic and histologic scores (ii) Alleviated induced colitis | [93] |
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Umbilical cord | | Intraperitoneal injections | DSS or TNBS-induced colitis | (i) Increased IL-10 and Treg cells, and decreased inflammatory cytokines (ii) NOD2 signaling suppressed mononuclear cell proliferation by inducing production of PGE2. (iii) Reduced MPO activity and infiltration of CD4+ and CD11b+ cells | (i) Reduced severity of colitis and recovered loss of body weight and decreased mortality (ii) -Abrogated colitis-induced lethality, improved DAI, restored colon length (iii) -Reduced colon mucosal destruction and edema | [26] |
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