|
Epigenetic changes | Factors | Mechanism | In vivo or in vitro | Consequence | Material | Ref. |
|
Senescence and aging |
Histone acetylation | HDAC↓ | Directly upregulates JMJD3 and indirectly downregulates PcGs through RB/E2F pathway to inhibit H3K27me3 at p16INK4A | In vitro | Aging | hADSCs, hUCSCs | [38] |
Histone acetylation | HDAC↓ | Promotes the transcription of p21CIP1/WAF1 through increasing H3 and H4 acetylation | In vitro | Aging: decreased differentiation ability and proliferation rate | hADSCs, hUCSCs | [40] |
Histone acetylation | SIRT6↓ | Insufficient SIRT6 causes increased H3K56ac and compromised recruitment of RNAP II complex to Hmox-1 gene promoter, leading to decrease in Hmox-1 expression and impaired cellular redox homeostasis | Both | Senescence, dysregulated redox metabolism, and increased sensitivity to oxidative stress | Human embryoid bodies MSC, mouse model | [42] |
Histone methylation | TWIST1↓ | Insufficient to prevent senescence by recruiting EZH2 and form repressive H3K27me3 at p16/p14 promoters; upregulates E47 that binds to p16 promoter and promotes transcription activity | In vitro | Senescence | hBMSCs | [39] |
Histone methylation | BMI1↓ | Fails to recruit and stabilize PRC2 which protects H3K27me3 of p16INK4A | In vitro | Aging | hADSCs, hUSCSs | [38] |
Histone methylation | EZH2↓ | Fails to methylate H3K27 as catalytic subunit of PRC2; insufficient H3K27me3 cannot suppress p16 and p14 expression | In vitro | Aging | hADSCs, hUSCSs | [38] |
Histone methylation | G9a↓ | (Unclear) | In vitro | Aging: decreased differentiation ability and proliferation rate | Rat BMSCs | [149] |
Skeletal diseases |
Histone methylation | EZH2↑ | Promotes H3K27me3 on Wnt1, Wnt6, and Wnt10a promoters to silence Wnt signaling pathway | Both | Osteoporosis | hBMSCs, mouse BMSCs, mouse model | [47] |
Histone methylation | KDM5A↑ | Increases H3K4me3 levels on promoters of Runx2 | Both | Osteoporosis | hBMSCs, mouse BMSCs, mouse model | [45] |
Histone methylation | ASH1L↓ | Fails to mediate H3K4me3 recruitment at the transcription start sites of Osx, Runx2, Sox9, and Creb genes | Both | Osteoporosis | hBMSCs, mouse BMSCs, mouse model | [46] |
Histone methylation | KDM2B↓ | Unable to be recruited to the promoter of AP-2α and inhibit AP-2α expression via removing H3K4me3 | Both | Oculofaciocardiodental (OFCD) syndrome | hBMSCs, mouse BMSCs, mouse model | [51] |
Histone acetylation | GCN5 (KAT2A)↓ | Insufficient to increase H3K9 acetylation on the promoters of Wnt genes | Both | Osteoporosis | hBMSCs, mouse BMSCs, mouse model | [48] |
Histone acetylation | PCAF (KAT2B)↓ | Insufficient to acetylate H3K9 at promoters of BMP2, BMP4, BMPR2B, and Runx2 | Both | Osteoporosis | hBMSCs, mouse BMSCs, mouse model | [49] |
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