Epigenetic Regulation in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Aging and Differentiation and Osteoporosis

Table 3

Chromatin remodeling in MSC aging and related diseases.

Regulatory factors	Mechanism	In vivo or in vitro	Material	Consequence	Ref.
Senescence and aging
BRG1↓	Inhibits Nanog gene expression by facilitating DNMT recruitment and methylation; induces γ-form heterochromatin formation and p53 pathway activation	In vitro	hBMSCs	Senescence	[53, 54]
Condensin↓	Fails to alleviate DNA damage by chromatin reorganization	Both	hBMSCs, mouse BMSCs, mouse model	Aging, bone aging	[56]
KAP1↓	Cannot be recruited by insufficient CBX4 at nucleolar rDNA, enhancing the excessive expression of rRNAs and destabilizing nucleolar heterochromatin	Both	hMSCs derived from embryonic cell culture, mouse BMSCs, mouse model	Premature cellular senescence, osteoarthritis	[58]
Skeletal diseases
INO80↓	Incapable of interacting with Wdr5 that catalyzes H3K4me3 formation, which promotes Wnt pathway activity	Both	hBMSCs, mouse model	Osteoporotic phenotypes	[59]