|
| Growth factor family | Growth factor | Effect on MSC |
|
| TGFβ | TGFβ1 | Increase proliferation & induce chondrogenic differentiation [369, 370]. |
| TGFβ2 | Induce chondrogenic differentiation [368, 372]. |
| TGFβ3 | Induce chondrogenic differentiation [371, 372]. |
| BMP2 | Promote chondrogenesis [390], induce osteogenic differentiation [380–382], & induced adipogenic differentiation [382]. |
| BMP3 | Stimulate proliferation [393]. |
| BMP4 | Promote chondrogenesis [391], induce osteogenic differentiation [380–382], & induced adipogenic differentiation [382]. |
| BMP6 | Promote chondrogenesis [392], induce osteogenic differentiation [380–382], & induced adipogenic differentiation [382]. |
| BMP7 | Induce osteogenic differentiation [380–382] & induced adipogenic differentiation [382]. |
| BMP9 | Induce osteogenic differentiation [380–382] & induced adipogenic differentiation [382]. |
|
| VDGF | VDGF | Increase proliferation [394], favor osteogenic differentiation [395], differentiate into endothelial cells [396, 397], & induce chondrogenic differentiation [398]. |
|
| FGF | FGF2 | Increases migration [400], increases proliferation [401, 402], induces neuronal differentiation [403], and stimulates chondrogenic differentiation [404, 405], adipogenic differentiation [406], & osteogenic differentiation [407–409]. |
| FGF4 | Increase proliferation [401, 402]. |
|
| PDGF | PDGF-AA | Increases migration & osteogenic differentiation [415]. |
| PDGF-BB | Protect against apoptosis and senescence [416]. |
|
