Dual Role of MSC-Derived Exosomes in Tumor Development

Table 1

Tumor/cancer-promoting cargoes transported by MSC-derived exosomes.

Cargo type	Source of exosome	Target cancer	Outcome	Exosomal cargo/pathway	Reference
Pathway	Human umbilical cord MSCs	Gastric cancer cells	Promotion of cell growth and migration	Activated Akt pathway	[47]
	Human bone marrow MSCs	Gastric cancer cells	Promotion of tumor growth	Activated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway	[50]
	Human bone marrow MSCs	Osteosarcoma and gastric cancer cells	Promotion of tumor growth	Activated Hedgehog pathway	[49]
	Human breast cancer AMSCs	Breast cancer cells	Promotion of cell growth	Activated Hippo signaling pathway	[51]
	Human MSCs	Gastric cancer cells	Conferral of drug resistance	Activated CaM-Ks and Raf/MEK/ERK pathways	[53]
	Human adipose-derived MSCs	Breast cancer cells	Promotion of cell migration	Activated Wnt pathway	[52]
Protein	Human and mouse tumor-educated MSCs	Breast cancer cells	Acceleration of cancer progression	TGF-b, C1q, and semaphorins	[44]
	MSCs	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells	Facilitation of tumor progression	FGF19	[43]
	MSCs	Breast cancer cells	Support of cell reorganization and growth	MMP-2	[41]
miRNA	SD human MSCs	Breast cancer cells	Support of cancer cell proliferation and metastasis	miR-21 and 34a	[36]
	Gastric cancer tissue-derived MSCs	Gastric cancer cells	Promotion of cell proliferation and migration	miR-221	[37]
	Glioma-associated MSCs	Glioblastoma cells	Enhancement of aggressiveness	miR-1587	[35]
lncRNA	MSCs	Multiple myeloma cells	Promotion of proliferation and suppression of apoptosis	LINC00461	[39]