Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Promote Bone Regeneration by Altering MicroRNA Profiles

Figure 4

hPDLSC-derived exosomes enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs. (a) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity normalized against the total protein content. /group. (b) ALP assays of BMSCs after incubation with 50 μg/mL exosomes from PDLSCs after 0, 3, 7, and 14 days of osteoinduction at day 7. (c) Alizarin red staining (ARS) of BMSCs after incubation with 50 μg/mL exosomes from PDLSCs after 0, 3, 7, and 14 days of osteoinduction at day 14. (d) Semiquantitive analysis of alizarin red staining (ARS). /group. (e) Expression of RUNX2, ALP, and Osterix in rBMSCs cultured with or without exosomes at 7 days. /group. (f) Alizarin red staining (ARS) of BMSCs after being cocultured with conditioned medium (CM) of PDLSCs treated with or without GW4869. /group. PM: proliferation medium; OM: osteogenic induction medium; compared with the control group (PM/OM/control group); compared with the control group; ^# compared with the Exo-NC group; ^## compared with the Exo-NC group; ^$ compared with the Exo-D3 group; ^& compared with the Exo-D7 group. ^△ compared with the GW4869 group.

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