Dental Tissue-Derived Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Potential in Therapeutic Application

Figure 2

Three therapeutic strategies of endodontic and periodontal diseases using dental MSCs. (a) Dental tissue regeneration through a classic tissue engineering model, consisting of dental MSCs, supporting biomaterial scaffolds, and growth factors. (b) Dental tissue regeneration by tissue engineering without scaffolds. (c) Dental tissue regeneration with a cell-free approach using conditioned medium (CM) with exosomes and/or extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by dental MSCs.