Differentiating Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Renal Cells: A New Approach to Treat Kidney Diseases

Table 1

Protocols for iPSC differentiation into renal cells.

Authors	Differentiation factors	Differentiation period	Starting iPSC type	Induced cell type
Morizane et al. 2009 [56]	Activin A, GDNF, BMP7	14 days or 18 days	Murine iPSC	Tubular cells, metanephric mesenchyme cells
Song et al. 2012 [57]	Activin A, BMP7, and RA	10 days	Human iPSC	Podocyte-like cells
Mae et al. 2013 [58]	CHIR99021, Activin A, and BMP7	~10 to 20 days	OSR1-GFP human iPSC	Intermediate mesoderm cells
Xia et al. 2013 [59]	BMP4, FGF2, RA, activin A, and BMP2	4 days	Human iPSC	Ureteric bud kidney progenitor-like cells
Taguchi et al. 2014 [60]	BMP4, activin A, basic FGF, CHIR RA, and FGF9	14 days	Human iPSC	Kidney organoid—Metanephric nephron progenitors
Araoka et al. 2014 [61]	CHIR99021 and AM580 or TTNPB	5 days	Human iPSC and OSR1-GFP human iPSC	Intermediate mesoderm cells
Lam et al. 2014 [62]	CHIR99021, FGF2, RA, FGF9, and activin A	9 days	Human iPSC	Intermediate mesoderm cells
Kang & Han 2014 [63]	Activin A, Wnt3a, BMP4, FGF2, RA, BMP7	26 days	Human iPSC	Nephron progenitor cells
Imberti et al. 2015 [64]	RA, RhoA inhibitor and PI3K inhibitor, activin A, FGF2, BMP7, and GDNF	19 days	Human iPSC	Renal progenitor cells
Toyohara et al. 2015 [65]	Activin A, CHIR, BMP7, TTNPB, TGF-β1, and DMH1	28 days	Human iPSC	Renal progenitor cells
Li et al. 2015 [66]	RA, BMP7, activin A, renal epithelial cell growth medium alone	10 days	Mouse iPSC	Renal progenitor cells
Kandasamy et al. 2015 [67]	Renal epithelial growth medium, Rho kinase, BMP2, and BMP7	8 days	Human iPSC	Proximal tubular-like cells
Takasato et al. 2015 [68, 69]	CHIR, FGF9, heparin	25 days	Human iPSC	Kidney organoid–nephron segment cells
Morizane et al. 2015 [70]	FGF2, CHIR, Noggin, activin A, and FGF9	9 days (NPCs) 21-35 days (organoids)	Human iPSC	Kidney organoid–nephron progenitor cells and nephron epithelia
Freedman et al. 2015 [71]	CHIR and B27	16–23 days	Human iPSC	Kidney organoid–nephron segment cells
Ciampi et al. 2016 [72]	N2 and B27 supplements, CP21R7 (Roche), BMP4, retinoic acid, BMP7, FGF9, vitamin D3	13 days	Human iPSC	Podocyte-like cells
Musah et al. 2017 [73]	Activin A, CHIR, BMP7, VEGF, and retinoic acid	26 days	Human iPSC	Podocyte-like cells
Taguchi & Nishinakamura 2017 [74]	Activin, Bmp4, CHIR, FGF9, FGF1, GDNF, LDN193189, SB431542, retinoic acid, and B27	12.5 days	Human iPSC	Ureteric bud-like cells
Wu et al. 2018 [75]	CHIR, FGF9, heparin, Noggin, activin, and NTRK2 inhibitor K252a	25–26 days	Human iPSC	Kidney organoid–nephron progenitor cells
Przepiorski et al. 2018 [76]	CHIR and KnockOut Serum Replacement (KOSR)	14–26 days	Human iPSC	Kidney organoid–nephron progenitor cells
Rauch et al. 2018 [77]	Activin A, BMP7, and retinoic acid	10 days	Human iPSC	Podocyte-like cells
Mae et al. 2018 [78]	Activin A, CHIR, BMP4, LDN193189, A83-01, retinoic acid, PD0325901, FGF8, TTNPB, GDNF, FGF1, thiazovivin	15 days	Human iPSC	Wolffian duct cells
Qian et al. 2019 [79]	CHIR and B27	16 days	Human iPSC	Podocyte-like cells
Hariharan et al. 2019 [80]	Activin A, BMP4, retinoic acid, GDNF, HGF, REGM, FGF2, and BMP7	6 - 14 days	Human iPSC	Renal progenitor cell–multiple nephronal cell
Ahmadi et al. 2019 [81]	CHIR, PD032590, activin A, TTNPB, BMP7, LIF, GDNF, retinoic acid, vitamin D3, dexamethasone	22 days	Mouse iPSC	Podocyte-like cells
Garreta et al. 2019 [82]	CHIR, FGF9, heparin, activin A	21 days	Human iPSC	Kidney organoid–nephron segment cells