Ascorbic Acid, Inflammatory Cytokines (IL-1β/TNF-α/IFN-γ), or Their Combination’s Effect on Stemness, Proliferation, and Differentiation of Gingival Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells

Figure 1

Phase contrast inverted microscopic picture of gingival cells growing out from a gingival connective tissue specimen (a). G-MSCs’ colony-forming units (CFUs) (b). G-MSCs surface markers’ expression flowcytometrically (c). Osteogenic induction of stimulated G-MSCs (Alizarin red staining; d) and respective unstimulated controls (e) with quantification (f). Adipogenic induction of stimulated G-MSCs (Oil-Red-O stained; g) and respective unstimulated controls (h) with quantification (i). Chondrogenic induction of stimulated G-MSCs (Alcian blue/acid-fast red staining; j) and respective unstimulated controls (k), with quantification (l). Significant differences denoted with asterisks (, , Wilcoxon-signed-rank-test).