Immunomodulatory Properties of Stem Cells in Periodontitis: Current Status and Future Prospective

Table 1

The characteristic of different stem cells could be potentially applied to periodontal regeneration.

Stem cell	Multipotent differentiation	Immunomodulatory properties	Clinical trails
DMSCs
PDLSCs	Osteoblast, adipocytes, chondrocytes, cementoblast, and neurogenic cells	Inhibition of PBMCs, T cells, B cells, promotion of Treg cells, neutrophils, and M2 phenotype macrophage	NCT01357785NCT01082822
DFSCs	Osteoblast, adipocytes, chondrocytes, cementoblast, neurogenic cells, cardiomyocyte, and dentin-like cell	Inhibition of PBMCs, promotion of Treg cells, neutrophils, and M2 phenotype macrophage
DPSCs	Osteoblast, adipocytes, odontoblast, neurogenic cells, cardiomyocyte, and hepatocyte	Inhibition of PBMCs, T cells, B cells, and NK cells; promotion of Treg cells, neutrophils, and M2 phenotype macrophage	NCT03386877NCT02523651
SCAPs	Osteoblast, adipocytes, odontoblast, neurogenic cells, and hepatocyte	Low immunogenicity; inhibition of T cells
SHEDs	Osteoblast, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and neurogenic cells	Inhibition of Th17 cells; promotion of Treg cells and M2 phenotype macrophage
GMSCs	Osteoblast, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and neurogenic cells	Inhibition of M1 macrophages, Th1/Th2/Th17 cells, and DCs; promotion of Treg cells and M2 phenotype macrophage	NCT03137979
DSSCs	Osteoblast, adipocytes, and chondrocytes	No report
Nonodontogenic stem cells
BMSCs	Osteoblast, adipocytes, and chondrocytes	Inhibition of T lymphocyte survival and proliferation; secretion of IL-1 and TNF-α	NCT02449005
ASCs	Osteoblast, adipocytes, chondrocytes, myogenic cells, and neurogenic cells	Promotion of immune suppressive factors GBP4 and IL-1RA	NCT04270006
iPSCs
iPSCs	Osteoblast, adipocytes, chondrocytes, myogenic cells, neurogenic cells, cementoblast, cardiomyocyte, and dentin-like cell	Inhibition of Th1/Th2/Th17 cells; promotion of Treg cells

The clinical trial data have been extracted from https://clinicaltrials.gov/.