| Stem cell | Multipotent differentiation | Immunomodulatory properties | Clinical trails |
| DMSCs | PDLSCs | Osteoblast, adipocytes, chondrocytes, cementoblast, and neurogenic cells | Inhibition of PBMCs, T cells, B cells, promotion of Treg cells, neutrophils, and M2 phenotype macrophage | NCT01357785NCT01082822 |
| DFSCs | Osteoblast, adipocytes, chondrocytes, cementoblast, neurogenic cells, cardiomyocyte, and dentin-like cell | Inhibition of PBMCs, promotion of Treg cells, neutrophils, and M2 phenotype macrophage | |
| DPSCs | Osteoblast, adipocytes, odontoblast, neurogenic cells, cardiomyocyte, and hepatocyte | Inhibition of PBMCs, T cells, B cells, and NK cells; promotion of Treg cells, neutrophils, and M2 phenotype macrophage | NCT03386877NCT02523651 |
| SCAPs | Osteoblast, adipocytes, odontoblast, neurogenic cells, and hepatocyte | Low immunogenicity; inhibition of T cells | |
| SHEDs | Osteoblast, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and neurogenic cells | Inhibition of Th17 cells; promotion of Treg cells and M2 phenotype macrophage | |
| GMSCs | Osteoblast, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and neurogenic cells | Inhibition of M1 macrophages, Th1/Th2/Th17 cells, and DCs; promotion of Treg cells and M2 phenotype macrophage | NCT03137979 |
| DSSCs | Osteoblast, adipocytes, and chondrocytes | No report | |
| Nonodontogenic stem cells | BMSCs | Osteoblast, adipocytes, and chondrocytes | Inhibition of T lymphocyte survival and proliferation; secretion of IL-1 and TNF-α | NCT02449005 |
| ASCs | Osteoblast, adipocytes, chondrocytes, myogenic cells, and neurogenic cells | Promotion of immune suppressive factors GBP4 and IL-1RA | NCT04270006 |
| iPSCs | iPSCs | Osteoblast, adipocytes, chondrocytes, myogenic cells, neurogenic cells, cementoblast, cardiomyocyte, and dentin-like cell | Inhibition of Th1/Th2/Th17 cells; promotion of Treg cells | |
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