Classification and Characteristics of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Its Potential Therapeutic Mechanisms and Applications against Ischemic Stroke

Table 1

Summary of clinical trials on mesenchymal stem cells and ischemic stroke.

S. no.	Study title	Status	Phase	Cell type	Patient sample size	Route of therapy	Treatment time	Region	Outcomes
1	Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells for ischemic stroke	Recruiting	II	hUC-MSCs	200	IV	Within 6 months after onset	Shenyang, China	No results available
2	Safety of escalating doses of intravenous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in patients with a new ischemic stroke	Withdrawn	I/II	BM-MSCs	0	IV	Within 24-72 hours after onset	California, United States	No results available
3	Reparative therapy in acute ischemic stroke with allogenic mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue, safety assessment, a randomized, double-blind placebo controlled single-center pilot clinical trial	Completed	II	AD-MSCs	19	IV	Acute cerebral infarction of less than 12 h from stroke onset	Madrid, Spain	Safe, feasible, and has improved neurologic recovery in patients with severe stroke
4	Allogeneic adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in ischemic stroke	Recruiting	II	AD-MSCs	30	IV	The first 4 days (+/-1) from acute stroke symptoms onset	Madrid, Spain	No results available
5	Combination of conditioned medium and umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cell therapy for subacute stroke infarct	Not yet recruiting	I/II	hUC-MSCs	15		Acute or subacute phase	Jakarta, Indonesia	No results available
6	Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke	Recruiting	I	UMC119-06	9	IV	Within 48 to 168 hours after onset	Taiwan	No results available
7	Mesenchymal stromal cells for ischemic stroke	Withdrawn	I/II	BM-MSCs	0	IV	3-10 days after stroke	Houston	No results available
8	Autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for chronic ischemic stroke	Unknown	I	BM-MSCs	40	IV	With stroke history of more than 6 months, less than 60 months	Guangdong, China	No results available
9	Allogenic mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome in patients with acute ischemic stroke	Recruiting	I/II	MSC-derived exosome	5	IV	Acute phase within 24 h after onset	Tehran, Iran	No results available
10	Evaluate the safety and explore efficacy of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in acute ischemic stroke	Recruiting	I	hUC-MSCs	14	IA and IV	Acute phase	Taiwan	No results available
11	Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells for the survivors of ischemic stroke trial (ASSIST)	Not yet recruiting	I/IIa	it-hMSCs	60	IV	More than 6 months after onset	Beijing, China	No results available
12	Perinatal arterial stroke treated with stromal cells intranasally	Recruiting	I/II	BM-MSCs	10	Nasal route	Within the first week after onset	Utrecht, Netherlands	No results available
13	Clinical plan of ischemic stroke	Recruiting	I	it-hMSCs	60	IV	More than 6 months after onset	Beijing, China	No results available
14	Intravenous stem cells after ischemic stroke	Completed	II	BM-MSCs	31	IV	Within 6 weeks after onset	Grenoble, France	Safe, feasible, and improved motor recovery
15	Umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cell treatment in ischemic stroke	Unknown	II	hUC-MSCs	2	IV	Within 3 months after onset	Beijing, China	No results available
16	The STem cell Application Researches and Trials In NeuroloGy-2 (STARTING-2)	Unknown	III	Autologous MSCs	60	IV	Within 90 days after onset	Seoul, Korea	Feasible and safe but not associated with improvements in the 3-month mRS score and 90-day outcomes in patients with chronic stroke
17	Autologous bone marrow stromal cell and endothelial progenitor cell transplantation in ischemic	Completed	I/II	BM-MSCs	20	IV	Within 7 days after the onset	Guangdong, China	No toxicity events or infusional or allergic reactions and may improve recovery after stroke
18	A study of allogeneic mesenchymal bone marrow cells in subjects with ischemic stroke	Completed	I/II	BM-MSCs	38	IV	More than 6 months after the onset	California, United States	Safe and suggested behavioral gains
19	Autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for chronic stroke	Unknown	I	BM-MSCs	30	Intracerebral injection	Within 3 to 60 months after the onset	Zhejiang, China	No results available
20	Ex vivo cultured adult allogenic MSCs in ischemic cerebral stroke	Withdrawn	I/II	Allogenic MSCs	0	Intravenous ex vivo cultured	Within 10 days after the onset	Malaysia	No results available

hUC-MSCs: human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; BM-MSCs: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; AD-MSCs: adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells; it-hMSCs: ischemia tolerant human allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; IA: intra-arterial injection; IV: intravenous injection.