|
| Cell type | Paracrine effect |
| MFSCs’ immunomodulatory effect | Nonimmunomodulatory effect |
|
| PDLSCs | Promote: M2 macrophages [86]
Suppress: CD3+T cells [83]; Th17 cells [84]; B cells [83]; dendritic cells [69]; M1 macrophages [203] | PDLSC-CM: enhance periodontal regeneration [81]
Exosomes: enhance the osteogenic ability of BMMSCs [82]
Hypoxia: increase osteogenic[88]
TNF-α, IL-1β: increase angiogenesis & tissue regeneration [89] |
| DPSCs | Suppress: PBMCs [114, 119] (T cells [115–117, 204], B cells [118]) | DPSC-CM: promote angiogenesis[120, 121]; dental pulp regeneration (complement system) [124, 125]; neuronal cell regeneration [127]; odontoblast, osteogenic, and adipogenic differentiation-related protein [122, 123]
HGF: increase periodontal regeneration [126] |
| SCAP | Promote: Treg [142]
Suppress:CD3+T cells [141] | Hypoxia, inflammation: increase endothelial transdifferentiation, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration [34] |
| DFSCs | Promote: M2 macrophages [160]; Th2 cells [161]
Suppress: PBMC [141, 159] (M1 macrophages [160], Th1 cells [161]) | DFSC-CM: attenuate inflammation, enhanced odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp cells [157] |
| SHED | Promote: M2 macrophages [179]; Treg [170, 177]
Suppress: Th17 cells [170, 177]; DC [178] | SHED-CM: promote collagen regeneration [174]; peripheral nerve regeneration [175] |
| GMSCs | Promote: M2 macrophages [18]
Suppress: PBMC [181] (Th17 cells [191], M1 macrophages [18]); DC [191] | Exosomes: enhance migration and osteogenic differentiation of preosteoblasts [190]
GMSC-CM: promote angiogenesis [192, 193] |
| TGSCs | — | — |
| JBMSCs | — | — |
|
