Review Article

Small Ruminant Models for Articular Cartilage Regeneration by Scaffold-Based Tissue Engineering

Table 1

Animal selection and experimental implementation.

ReferenceAnimalAge and weightGroup sizeLocationRangeEndpoint

Beck et al. [11]Female sheep5-7 years,  kg36: 3 experimental groups of 12 sheep eachMedial femoral condyleFull-thickness
Diameter: 8 mm
13 and 26 weeks
Seedhom et al. [12]Female sheep2 years, 50-85 kg13: 3 months, 7; 6 months, 6Medial femoral condyleDiameter: 7 mm8 weeks
3 and 6 months
Erggelet et al. [13]Female sheep3 years8: 2 experimental groups of 4 sheep eachLoad-bearing area of the medial femoral condyleFull-thickness cartilage defect of  mm214 days () and 3 months ()
Erggelet et al. [14]Female sheep3 years8: 2 experimental groups of 4 sheep eachLoad-bearing area of the medial femoral condyleFull-thickness cartilage defect of  mm26 months
Getgood et al. [16]Male goatsSkeletally mature, 50-79 kg21: 12, collagen-GAG-CaP; 6, PLGA-CaS; 3, empty(1) Medial femoral condyle
(2) Lateral trochlear sulcus
Diameter: 5.8 mm
Depth: 6 mm
12 and 26 weeks
Kon et al. [17]GoatsSkeletally mature,  kg14 defects
7: drilled channels in the cartilage phase
8: drilled channels in the bone phase
8: unmodified coral cylinders
4: empty control
Medial and lateral femoral condylesDiameter: 6 mm
Depth: 8 mm
6 months
Filardo et al. [18]SheepAdult,  kg6: 2 control, 4 experimentalMedial and lateral condyleDiameter: 7 mm
Depth: 5 mm
6 months
Mohan et al. [23]Female sheep>3.5 years, 82.4 kg18: 6, implants; 3, implants+TGF-β; 3, implants+IGF-1; 6, microfractureMedial and lateral femoral condylesDiameter: 6 mm
Depth: 6 mm
52 weeks
Guo et al. [91]Sheep: male or female12 months,  kg28: 16 scaffold +cells; 8 scaffold only; 4 control groupWeight-bearing area of the medial femoral condyleDiameter: 8 mm
Depth: 4 mm
12 and 24 weeks
Dorotka et al. [92]Sheep: male or female3-5 years, 78 kg27: 3 experimental groups of 7 sheep each, 1 group 6 sheepMedial femoral condyleDiameter: 4.5 mm
Depth: to the tidemark bone
4 and 12 months
Lind et al. [93]GoatsAdult20: 4 experimental groups of 5 goats eachMedial femoral condyleFull-thickness cartilage defect
Diameter: 6 mm
4 months
Lind and Larsen [94]GoatsAdult8: 2 experimental groups of 4 goats eachWeight-bearing area of the medial femoral condyleDiameter: 5 mm
Depth: to the subchondral bone
4 months
Gille et al. [95]Female sheep12 and 18 months,  kg30: 5 experimental groups of 6 sheep eachMedial femoral condyle and lateral distal facet of the trochleaDiameter: 7 mm
Calcified cartilage removed without damaging the subchondral bone
12 months
Hao et al. [96]Sheep: male or female12 months, 20-25 kg24: 12 scaffold+cells, 2 control groups of 6 sheep eachNonweight-bearing area of the medial femoral condyleDiameter: 8 mm
Depth: 3 mm
12 and then 24 weeks
Leng et al. [97]Male goats1.5-2 years, 18-25 kg56: 4 experimental groups of 14 goats eachWeight-bearing region of the medial femoral condyleDiameter: 6 mm
Depth: 5 mm
16 weeks
Bernstein et al. [98]Female sheep2-4 years,  kg28: 4 time points with 7 sheep eachLoad-bearing area of the medial femoral condyleDiameter: 7 mm
Depth: 25 mm
6, 12, 26, and 52 weeks
Schleicher et al. [99]Female Merino sheep3 years,  kg12: 6, 6 weeks; 3, 3 months; 3, 6 monthsWeight-bearing area of the medial femoral condyleDiameter: 9.5 mm
Depth: 11 mm
6 weeks
3 months
6 months
Pei et al. [100]Goats12: 3 experimental groups of 4 goats eachWeight-bearing area of the medial femoral condyleDiameter: 6 mm
Depth: 12 mm
12 weeks
24 weeks
Hoppe et al. [101]Sheep3-5 years24: 4 experimental groups of 6 sheep eachMedial femoral condyleDiameter: 6 mm
Depth: 8 mm
26 weeks
Zorzi et al. [63]Female sheep3-5 years,  kg15: 3 experimental groups of 5 sheep eachMedial femoral condyleDiameter: 6 mm6 months
Manunta et al. [102]Female sheep5.5 years, 45 kg22: 1, 2, 6, and 12 months (4 for each)
24 months (6)
Medial femoral condylesDiameter: 6 mm
Depth: 2 mm
1, 2, 6, 12, and 24 months
Zhang et al. [103]Goats>12 months,  kg defects
2 groups
2 time points
each
Medial femoral condyleDiameter: 6 mm
Depth: 8 mm
12 and then 24 weeks
Di Bella et al. [104]Male sheep2-3 years, 69 kg6: each sheep received four treatmentsWeight-bearing surface of the lateral and medial condylesFull-thickness chondral defect
Diameter: 8 mm
8 weeks
Zhang et al. [105]Male goatsMature,  kg6: 2 experimental groups of 3 goats eachLateral and medial femoral condylesDiameter: 6.5 mm
Depth: 1 mm
9 months
Bornes et al. [64]Female sheepyears,  kg5 defects
2 experimental groups of 8 defects each
2 control groups of 2 defects each
Weight-bearing surface of the lateral and medial condylesDiameter: 6. 95 mm6 months
Jia et al. [106]Goats2-3 years,  kg24 defects
18: MLS
18: BLS
12: control
Medial femoral condyleDiameter: 6 mm
Depth: 8 mm
12, 24, and 48 weeks
Zhai et al. [75]Goats10 months, 20-25 kg80: 4 experimental groups of 20 sheep eachMedial femoral condyleDiameter: 6 mm
Depth: 9 mm
6 months
Kon et al. [26]Female sheepAdult,  kg12: 3 experimental groups of 4 sheep eachWeight-bearing area of lateral and medial condylesDiameter: 7 mm
Depth: 9 mm
6 months
Getgood et al. [27]Sheep4.3 years24: 4 experimental groups of 6 sheep each(1) Medial femoral condyle
(2) Lateral trochlear sulcus
Diameter: 5.8 mm
Depth: 6 mm
26 weeks
Ivkovic et al. [107]Female sheep1-3 years28:
10: TGF-β1 group
6: GFP group
6: BMC group
6: negative control group
Weight-bearing surface of the medial condylePartial-thickness chondral defect
Diameter: 6.2 mm
6 months
Marmotti et al. [108]Female goatsAdult15: 3 experimental groups of 5 goats eachCentral trochlear areaDiameter: 7 mm
Depth: 3.5 mm
1, 3, 6, and 12 months
Schlichting et al. [60]Male sheep2-3 years,  kg24: 2 groups (3 and 6 months, each)Lateral and medial femoral condylesDiameter: 7.3 mm
Depth: 10 mm
3 and 6 months
Kon et al. [109]Female goatsMature female nonpregnant and nonlactating, 60 kg8: with no control groupMedial femoral condyle19 mm in length, 8 mm in width, 8 mm in height12 months
Giretova et al. [110]Sheep2 years, 45-50 kg6: with no control groupMedial femoral condyleDiameter: 6 mm6 months