Small Ruminant Models for Articular Cartilage Regeneration by Scaffold-Based Tissue Engineering

Table 1

Animal selection and experimental implementation.

Reference	Animal	Age and weight	Group size	Location	Range	Endpoint
Beck et al. [11]	Female sheep	5-7 years,  kg	36: 3 experimental groups of 12 sheep each	Medial femoral condyle	Full-thickness; Diameter: 8 mm	13 and 26 weeks
Seedhom et al. [12]	Female sheep	2 years, 50-85 kg	13: 3 months, 7; 6 months, 6	Medial femoral condyle	Diameter: 7 mm	8 weeks; 3 and 6 months
Erggelet et al. [13]	Female sheep	3 years	8: 2 experimental groups of 4 sheep each	Load-bearing area of the medial femoral condyle	Full-thickness cartilage defect of  mm^2	14 days () and 3 months ()
Erggelet et al. [14]	Female sheep	3 years	8: 2 experimental groups of 4 sheep each	Load-bearing area of the medial femoral condyle	Full-thickness cartilage defect of  mm^2	6 months
Getgood et al. [16]	Male goats	Skeletally mature, 50-79 kg	21: 12, collagen-GAG-CaP; 6, PLGA-CaS; 3, empty	(1) Medial femoral condyle; (2) Lateral trochlear sulcus	Diameter: 5.8 mm; Depth: 6 mm	12 and 26 weeks
Kon et al. [17]	Goats	Skeletally mature,  kg	14 defects; 7: drilled channels in the cartilage phase; 8: drilled channels in the bone phase; 8: unmodified coral cylinders; 4: empty control	Medial and lateral femoral condyles	Diameter: 6 mm; Depth: 8 mm	6 months
Filardo et al. [18]	Sheep	Adult,  kg	6: 2 control, 4 experimental	Medial and lateral condyle	Diameter: 7 mm; Depth: 5 mm	6 months
Mohan et al. [23]	Female sheep	>3.5 years, 82.4 kg	18: 6, implants; 3, implants+TGF-β; 3, implants+IGF-1; 6, microfracture	Medial and lateral femoral condyles	Diameter: 6 mm; Depth: 6 mm	52 weeks
Guo et al. [91]	Sheep: male or female	12 months,  kg	28: 16 scaffold +cells; 8 scaffold only; 4 control group	Weight-bearing area of the medial femoral condyle	Diameter: 8 mm; Depth: 4 mm	12 and 24 weeks
Dorotka et al. [92]	Sheep: male or female	3-5 years, 78 kg	27: 3 experimental groups of 7 sheep each, 1 group 6 sheep	Medial femoral condyle	Diameter: 4.5 mm; Depth: to the tidemark bone	4 and 12 months
Lind et al. [93]	Goats	Adult	20: 4 experimental groups of 5 goats each	Medial femoral condyle	Full-thickness cartilage defect; Diameter: 6 mm	4 months
Lind and Larsen [94]	Goats	Adult	8: 2 experimental groups of 4 goats each	Weight-bearing area of the medial femoral condyle	Diameter: 5 mm; Depth: to the subchondral bone	4 months
Gille et al. [95]	Female sheep	12 and 18 months,  kg	30: 5 experimental groups of 6 sheep each	Medial femoral condyle and lateral distal facet of the trochlea	Diameter: 7 mm; Calcified cartilage removed without damaging the subchondral bone	12 months
Hao et al. [96]	Sheep: male or female	12 months, 20-25 kg	24: 12 scaffold+cells, 2 control groups of 6 sheep each	Nonweight-bearing area of the medial femoral condyle	Diameter: 8 mm; Depth: 3 mm	12 and then 24 weeks
Leng et al. [97]	Male goats	1.5-2 years, 18-25 kg	56: 4 experimental groups of 14 goats each	Weight-bearing region of the medial femoral condyle	Diameter: 6 mm; Depth: 5 mm	16 weeks
Bernstein et al. [98]	Female sheep	2-4 years,  kg	28: 4 time points with 7 sheep each	Load-bearing area of the medial femoral condyle	Diameter: 7 mm; Depth: 25 mm	6, 12, 26, and 52 weeks
Schleicher et al. [99]	Female Merino sheep	3 years,  kg	12: 6, 6 weeks; 3, 3 months; 3, 6 months	Weight-bearing area of the medial femoral condyle	Diameter: 9.5 mm; Depth: 11 mm	6 weeks; 3 months; 6 months
Pei et al. [100]	Goats		12: 3 experimental groups of 4 goats each	Weight-bearing area of the medial femoral condyle	Diameter: 6 mm; Depth: 12 mm	12 weeks; 24 weeks
Hoppe et al. [101]	Sheep	3-5 years	24: 4 experimental groups of 6 sheep each	Medial femoral condyle	Diameter: 6 mm; Depth: 8 mm	26 weeks
Zorzi et al. [63]	Female sheep	3-5 years,  kg	15: 3 experimental groups of 5 sheep each	Medial femoral condyle	Diameter: 6 mm	6 months
Manunta et al. [102]	Female sheep	5.5 years, 45 kg	22: 1, 2, 6, and 12 months (4 for each); 24 months (6)	Medial femoral condyles	Diameter: 6 mm; Depth: 2 mm	1, 2, 6, 12, and 24 months
Zhang et al. [103]	Goats	>12 months,  kg	defects; 2 groups; 2 time points; each	Medial femoral condyle	Diameter: 6 mm; Depth: 8 mm	12 and then 24 weeks
Di Bella et al. [104]	Male sheep	2-3 years, 69 kg	6: each sheep received four treatments	Weight-bearing surface of the lateral and medial condyles	Full-thickness chondral defect; Diameter: 8 mm	8 weeks
Zhang et al. [105]	Male goats	Mature,  kg	6: 2 experimental groups of 3 goats each	Lateral and medial femoral condyles	Diameter: 6.5 mm; Depth: 1 mm	9 months
Bornes et al. [64]	Female sheep	years,  kg	5 defects; 2 experimental groups of 8 defects each; 2 control groups of 2 defects each	Weight-bearing surface of the lateral and medial condyles	Diameter: 6. 95 mm	6 months
Jia et al. [106]	Goats	2-3 years,  kg	24 defects; 18: MLS; 18: BLS; 12: control	Medial femoral condyle	Diameter: 6 mm; Depth: 8 mm	12, 24, and 48 weeks
Zhai et al. [75]	Goats	10 months, 20-25 kg	80: 4 experimental groups of 20 sheep each	Medial femoral condyle	Diameter: 6 mm; Depth: 9 mm	6 months
Kon et al. [26]	Female sheep	Adult,  kg	12: 3 experimental groups of 4 sheep each	Weight-bearing area of lateral and medial condyles	Diameter: 7 mm; Depth: 9 mm	6 months
Getgood et al. [27]	Sheep	4.3 years	24: 4 experimental groups of 6 sheep each	(1) Medial femoral condyle; (2) Lateral trochlear sulcus	Diameter: 5.8 mm; Depth: 6 mm	26 weeks
Ivkovic et al. [107]	Female sheep	1-3 years	28: 10: TGF-β1 group; 6: GFP group; 6: BMC group; 6: negative control group	Weight-bearing surface of the medial condyle	Partial-thickness chondral defect; Diameter: 6.2 mm	6 months
Marmotti et al. [108]	Female goats	Adult	15: 3 experimental groups of 5 goats each	Central trochlear area	Diameter: 7 mm; Depth: 3.5 mm	1, 3, 6, and 12 months
Schlichting et al. [60]	Male sheep	2-3 years,  kg	24: 2 groups (3 and 6 months, each)	Lateral and medial femoral condyles	Diameter: 7.3 mm; Depth: 10 mm	3 and 6 months
Kon et al. [109]	Female goats	Mature female nonpregnant and nonlactating, 60 kg	8: with no control group	Medial femoral condyle	19 mm in length, 8 mm in width, 8 mm in height	12 months
Giretova et al. [110]	Sheep	2 years, 45-50 kg	6: with no control group	Medial femoral condyle	Diameter: 6 mm	6 months