The Application of Bioreactors for Cartilage Tissue Engineering: Advances, Limitations, and Future Perspectives

Table 1

Compilation of studies that investigated the responses of seeded cells under various bioreactors.

Authors	Cell source	Study design	Type of bioreactor	Results
Xu et al. [23]	Chondrocytes	Alginate gel beads with chondrocytes	Spinner flasks	Improved the GAG quantification and relevant gene expression
Yoon et al. [24]	hADSCs	Cellular metabolic response to dynamic loading	Spinner flasks	Enhanced chondrogenic differentiation of hADSCs
Zhu et al. [25]	hADSCs	Chitosan/gelatin hybrid hydrogel and subsequent dynamic loading	Rotating wall vessels	Enhanced proliferation and matrix secretion
Nordberg et al. [26]	RCS	Culture of cell pellets	Rotating wall vessels	Mechanical stimulation influenced the expression of LRP4/5/6 in chondrocytes
Theodoridis et al. [27]	hADSCs	3D-printed PCL scaffolds seeded cells	Perfusion bioreactors	Achieved better penetration and uniform distribution of the cells within the scaffold
Pigeot et al. [28]	hBM-MSCs	Human MSCs cultured in the perfusion bioreactor	Perfusion bioreactors	Generated a homogeneous hypertrophic cartilage ECM; efficiently induced towards apoptosis
Dikina et al. [31]	hBM-MSCs	Scaffold-free human mesenchymal stem cell sheets in response to variable magnetic fields	Magnetic bioreactors	Did not affect cartilage formation
Thakurta et al. [34]	Chondrocytes	Chondrocyte-seeded scaffolds	Ultrasonic bioreactors	Ultrasonic stimulation significantly impacted cell proliferation and depth-independent cell population density
Subramanian et al. [36]	Chondrocytes	Studying the response of cells to ultrasonic stimulation	Ultrasonic bioreactors	Positively influenced several factors, including cell proliferation, viability, and gene expression of select chondrocytic markers