Stromal Vascular Fraction and Amniotic Epithelial Cells: Preclinical and Clinical Relevance in Musculoskeletal Regenerative Medicine

Table 3

In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on SVF in tendon regeneration.

Experimental model	Treatment groups	Evaluations	Results	Ref
In vivo: 20 adult NZW rabbits (2.5-3 kg) with complete transaction of DDFT midsubstance; Allogenic SVF () from inguinal region	Group 1: PBS (0.2 ml); Group 2: SVF	Histology; Histomorphometry; IHC (COLL I, COLL III); Biomechanics	2 mo; Group 2: ↑ fibrillar linearity, fibrillar continuity, COLL I protein, ultimate load, energy absorption, stiffness; ↓ no. of capillaries in neotendon, COLL III protein than group 1	[55]
In vivo: 36 adult NZW rabbits (2.5-3 kg) with a complete transaction through the central one third of flexor tendon; Allogenic SVF () from inguinal region; Allogenic BMSCs () from iliac crest	Group 1: PBS (0.2 ml); Group 2: SVF; Group 3: BMSCs	Biomechanics	3 and 8 wks; Groups 2 and 3: ↑ energy absorption, ultimate load, ultimate stress, yield load, stiffness than group 1	[56]
In vivo: 36 adult NZW rabbits (2-2.5 kg) with supraspinatus tendon severed from the great trochanter; Autologous SVF from inguinal region	Group 1: FG (1 ml); Group 2: SVF+FG (1 ml)	Radiography; Biomechanics	1 mo; Group 2: ↑ maximum load, maximum strength than group 1; 2 mo; Group 2: ↑ maximum load, maximum strength, stiffness than group 1; 3 mo; Group 2: ↑ SNQ, stiffness than group 1	[57]
In vivo: 36 NZW rabbits (2-2.5 kg) with bilateral supraspinatus tendon severed from the great trochanter; Autologous SVF from inguinal region	Group 1: FG (1 ml); Group 2: SVF+FG (1 ml)	Histology; IHC (COLL I, COLL III, BMP2); Histomorphometry; Biomechanics	2 mo; Group 2: ↑ tendon-bone healing maturity, COLL I, COLL III, COLL I/COLL III, BMP2 protein, maximum load, maximum strength, stiffness than group 1	[58]
Clinical trial: 43 pz (29-55 yrs) with unilateral or bilateral NIAT; Allogenic SVF (4 ml) from abdomen	Group 1: PRP (4 ml); Group 2: SVF	Radiography; Clinical evaluation	6 mo; Groups 1 and 2: ↓ VAS; ↑ MR size, US size, PD than presurgery; Group 1: ↓ MR-Si than group 2	[59]
Clinical trial: 44 pz (18-55 yrs) with unilateral or bilateral chronic tendinopathy of the Achilles tendon; Allogenic SVF (4 ml) from abdomen	Group 1: PRP (4 ml); Group 2: SVF	Clinical evaluation	2 wks, 1 mo, 4 mo, and 6 mo; Groups 1 and 2: ↓ VAS pain scale; ↑ VISA-A score, AOFAS score, SF-36 than presurgery; 2 wks; Group 2: ↓ VAS pain scale; ↑ VISA-A score, AOFAS score than group 1; 1 mo; Group 2: ↓ VAS pain scale than group 1	[60]