Application of Stem Cell Therapy for ACL Graft Regeneration

Table 1

Recent animal studies on stem cell therapy for ACL graft regeneration.

	Author	Augmentation/induction	Animal	Evaluation	Outcome	Other outcomes
BMSCs	Hur	Fibrin glue	Rabbit	His, CT	+
	Lim	Fibrin glue	Rabbit	His, Mech	+
	Fan	Silk scaffold	Rabbit	His, Mech, CT	+
	Fan	Silk scaffold	Pig	His, Mech, CT	+
	Li	Triphasic silk graft	Rabbit	His, Mech, CT	+
	Zhu	Electrospun scaffolds	Rabbit	His, Mech, CT	+	Lattice-like nanofibrous meshes enhance osteogenic differentiation
	Vaquette	PCL electrospun mesh	Sheep	His, Mech	+
	Zhang	PLGA silk scaffold	Rabbit	His, Mech	+
	Li	Cu-BG/PET	Rat	His, Mech, CT	+
	Lu	Decellularized allogenic ST	Rabbit	His, Mech, CT	+	Decellularized allograft+BMSCs are better than allograft
	Setiawati	VEGF	Rabbit	His, Mech, MRI	+
	Teng	PRP	Rabbit	His, Mech, CT	+	PRP enhances osteogenic differentiation
	Zhu	BMP2 gene therapy	Rabbit	His, Mech	+
	Chen	bFGF/BMP2 gene therapy	Rabbit	His, Mech, CT	+	Combined BMP2 and bFGF exerted more potent effects than lone growth factor
	Wang	TGF gene therapy	Rabbit	His, Mech, CT	+
	Dong	BMP2 gene therapy	Rabbit	His, Mech	+
	Wei	TGFβ/VEGF gene therapy	Rabbit	His, Mech	+	Combined TGFβ-1 and VEGF165 exerted more potent effects than lone growth factor
	Li	PDGF gene therapy	Rabbit	His	+
	Fan	Triphasic silk scaffold (TGF-β3 and BMP2 gene therapy)	Rabbit	His, Mech	+
	Pauly	CTGF-electrospun scaffolds	Rabbit	His, X-ray	+
ADSCs	Kosaka	Fibrin glue	Rabbit	His, Mech	+
	Teuschl	Silk scaffold	Sheep	His, CT	(-)
	Parry	PCLF+PET scaffold	Rabbit	His, Mech, CT	+
	Kouroupis	Leeds-Keio biomaterial; BMP-2/FGF-2	Pig	His, Mech	/	BMP-2/FGF-2 induced stem cells to differentiate towards bone and ligament at the ends and central part of the biomaterial scaffold
	Zhang	Runx2 gene therapy	Rabbit	His, Mech, CT	+	Runx2 enhances osteoblast differentiation and inhibits adipogenic differentiation
LDSCs	Mifune	Injected	Rat	His, Mech, CT	+
	Mifune	Cell sheet	Rat	His, Mech	+	Cell sheet is better than injection
	Ruan	Silk-collagen sponge scaffold	Rabbit	His, X-ray	+
	Hu	SDF-1 releasing collagen-silk	Rabbit	His, CT	+
	Takayama	VEGF gene therapy	Rat	His, Mech	/	CD34+ LDSCs have positive effects; overexpression of VEGF impairs biomechanics
	Kawakami	BMP2 gene therapy	Rat	His, Mech	+	BMP2 enhances osteogenic differentiation
TDSCs	Lui	Cell sheet	Rat	His, Mech, CT	+
sMSCs	Ju	Gel injection	Rat	His	+
hUCB-MSCs	Jang	Fibrin glue	Rabbit	His, CT	+
	Park	3D bio-printed scaffold	Rabbit	His, CT	+

PRP: platelet-rich plasma; His: histology; Mech: mechanics; PCLF+PET: polycaprolactone fumarate scaffolds with polyethylene terephthalate; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; BMP2: bone morphogenetic protein 2; TGF: transforming growth factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; ST: semitendinosis; PCL: polycaprolactone; BMSCs: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; ADSCs, adipose-derived stem cells; sMSCs: synovial mesenchymal stem cells; hUCB-MSCs: human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells; PLGA: lactic-co-glycolic acid; Cu-BG/PET: copper-containing bioactive glass polyethylene terephthalate; Runx2; PCLF+PET: polycaprolactone fumarate+polyethylene terephthalate sutures; SDF: stromal cell-derived factor 1; CTGF: connective tissue growth factor; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor.