Review Article
Application of Stem Cell Therapy for ACL Graft Regeneration
Table 2
The advantages and disadvantages of commonly utilized stem cell types in ACL graft regeneration.
| | Formulation | Msc content | Advantages | Disadvantages |
| | BMSCs | 0.01-0.001% [142] | Great proliferation
Low cost
Low immunoreaction
Easy to obtain | Low content
Donor pain and infection
Less homogeneous | | ADSCs | ~1% [143] | Abundant resource
More homogeneous
Factor secretion
Less immunogenic than BMSCs | Enzymatic processing
Low ligament differentiative potential [53] | | TDSCs/LDSCs | 3-4% [56] | Same derived resource
Better epigenetic regulation [144]
Cell-line maintainment [145] | Slow growth
Low content | | ESC | — | Indefinite self-renewal [146]
Totipotency | Ethic issue
Tumorigenicity [147]
Immunogenicity [148] |
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BMSCs: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; ADSCs: adipose tissue-derived stem cells; TDSCs/LDSCs: tendon/ligament stem/progenitor cells; ESCs: embryonic stem cells.
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