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Step | Name | Function | Application |
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1 | CHIR99021 | Inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) | Induces definitive endoderm formation |
LY294002 | Inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) | Induces definitive endoderm formation |
Activin A | A member of the TGF-β superfamily | Induces definitive endoderm formation |
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2 | FGF2 | Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family | Promotes pancreatic endoderm |
Dorsomorphin | Inhibitor of the BMP pathway | Promotes pancreatic endoderm |
Retinoic acid | Major derivatives of the vitamin A group | Promotes pancreatic endoderm |
SB431542 | Inhibitor of ALK5/TGF-β type I receptor | Promotes pancreatic endoderm |
FR180204 | To block extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) | Promotes pancreatic progenitor |
SANT-1 | Smo antagonist inhibits hedgehog signaling | Promotes pancreatic progenitor |
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3 | Forskolin | An adenylate cyclase activator and MAP kinase inhibitor | Promotes pancreatic β cell differentiation |
Dexamethasone | Glucocorticoid pathway activator | Promotes pancreatic β cell differentiation |
Nicotinamide | Active form of vitamin B3 | Promotes the generation of NKX6.1+progenitors |
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