Electrical Stimulation Promotes Stem Cell Neural Differentiation in Tissue Engineering

Table 2

Direct current stimulation used in stem cell neural differentiation.

ES type	Cell type	Conductive material	Stimulation parameters	ES effect	Reference
DC	NSCs	Two parallel Ag/AgCl wires	115 V/m, 2 hours/day for two days	Enhanced undifferentiated cell mobility and directional migration, and differentiation towards βIII-tubulin+ neurons	Zhao H et al. [39]
DC	NSCs	Platinum electrodes	0.53 or 1.83 V/m, 10 min/days for 2 days	Increased neurites length, and βIII-tubulin, NeuN gene expression and in intracellular Ca^2+	Kobelt LJ et al. [40]
DC	MSCs	Two parallel 316 L stainless steel electrodes, PANI films	1 mV-2 V, 10 min/day, 3 days	Enhanced filopodial elongation, increased nestin and βIII-tubulin gene expression	Thrivikraman G et al. [41]
DC	NSCs	Poly-D-lysin/lamini-coated electrotactic chambers	150 mV/mm, 7, 14 days	Enhanced neural differentiation (Ascl1, βIII-tubulin, MAP2 gene expression)	Dong ZY et al. [42]
DC	Coculture of C2C12 with hMSCs	Two parallel electrodes	8 mV/mm, 20 h/day, 8 days	Increased neural markers (SOX2, nestin, βIII-tubulin) gene level and intracellular Ca^2+ activity	Naskar S et al. [43]