Electrical Stimulation Promotes Stem Cell Neural Differentiation in Tissue Engineering

Table 3

Alternating current stimulation used in stem cell neural differentiation.

ES type	Cell type	Conductive material	Stimulation parameters	ES effect	Reference
AC	NSCs	Ag/AgCl electrodes	46 mV/mm, 0.5 Hz	AC ES showed no differences in alignment or differentiation	Ariza CA et al. [51]
AC	NSCs	Nickel-coated wire electrodes, alginate beads	0.1–10 Hz, 2, 4, 16 V/m, 7, 14, 21 days	Increased ratio of neurons to astrocytesneural and stem cell viability under lower frequence	Matos MA et al. [52]
AC	Porcine NSCs	Two gold contact pads connected to 25 electrode pairs	1–50 Hz, 0.001 kV/cm	Delayed differentiation into astrocytes	Lim JH et al. [53]