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| ES type | Cell type | Conductive material | Stimulation parameters | ES effect | Reference |
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| Pulsed current | ESCs | 4-mm gap cuvette | 0, 5, 10, and 20 V, 5 pulses (950 ms interpulse interval) | Increased differentiate into various types of neurons in vivo | Yamada M et al. [36] |
| Pulsed current electric field | NSCs and MSCs | 1 cm long parallel electrodes | 20 and 40 kV/cm, 24 h, 503 ps, amplitude of 1016 V/m, | Upregulation of NSCs astrocyte specific differentiation | Petrella RA et al. [38] |
| Biphasic electrical stimulation (BES) | Olfactory bulb NSCs | Fluorine-doped tin oxide glass plates | 25 mV/mm and 50 mV/mm, 8 ms pulses (20% duty cycle), 12 h | Improving cell survival and preventing cell apoptosis | Wang L et al. [55] |
| BES | Fetal NSCs | ITO glasses electrodes | 100 Hz,4, 8, 16 and 32 mA/cm2 with 50 and 200 ms pulses, 4 or 7 days | Promote both the proliferation and neuronal differentiation | Chang KA et al. [56] |
| Pulsed electrical stimulation | Neuro-spheres | ITO electrodes | 5 V, 30 Hz | Enhanced βIII-tubulin and calcium influxes | Tandon N et al. [57] |
| Pulsed current | Human neural crest stem cell | Au electrodes placed in a top bottom of 96 well plate | 2 or 20 Hz, 100 μs, 200 mV/mm, 24 h | Enhanced nerve regeneration, increased Schwann cell differentiation | Du J et al. [58] |
| Pulsed current | Mouse NSC | Ag/AgCl electrodes | 300 mV/mm, 100 Hz, 50% duty cycle, 48 h | Induced NSCs differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes simultaneously | Chang HF et al. [59] |
| Pulsed current | NSCs | PLGA/GO conductive composite membrane | 100 mV, 20, 100, and 500 Hz, 1 h/day, 3 days | Promote cell migration, adhesion and proliferation rates; promote neurite elongation and neuron differentiation, inhibited astrocytes differentiation | Fu C et al. [60] |
| Pulsed electric simulation a self-powered electrical simulation system | MSC | Reduced GO-PEDOT hybrid microfiber | 300 V, 30 μA, 21 days | Increased βIII-tubulin and GFAP gene expression | Guo W et al. [61] |
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