The Gingiva from the Tissue Surrounding the Bone to the Tissue Regenerating the Bone: A Systematic Review of the Osteogenic Capacity of Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Preclinical Studies

Table 2

Summary of findings for in vitro studies (identification of MSC results).

No.	Author and year of publication	Proliferation potential		Morphological appearance		Functional verification (trilineage differentiation)		Phenotypic verification (CD markers)
		GMSCs	Other sources	GMSCs	Other sources	GMSCs	Other sources	GMSCs	Other sources
1	Abedian et al. (2020) [59]	Significantly higher	Effective	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	Osteogenic; Adipogenic	Osteogenic; Adipogenic	✓: CD105, CD90, CD73; ✖: CD34, CD45	✓: CD105, CD90, CD73; ✖: CD34, CD45
2	Kamel et al. (2019) [64]	Effective	Significantly higher	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	ND	ND	✓: CD105, CD90; ✖: CD45	✓: CD105, CD90; ✖: CD45; Data not reported
3	Sun et al. (2019) [44]	Significantly higher	Effective	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Chondrogenic	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Chondrogenic	✓: CD105, CD90; ✖: CD45, CD19	✓: CD105, CD90; ✖: CD45, CD19
4	Xing et al. (2019) [61]	Significantly higher	Effective	Fibroblast spiral-like cells	Fibroblast spiral-like cells	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Chondrogenic	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Chondrogenic	✓: CD105, CD90, CD73, CD44; ✖: CD34, CD11b, CD19, CD45, HLA-DR	✓: CD105, CD90, CD73, CD44; ✖: CD34, CD11b, CD19, CD45, HLA-DR
5	Angelopoulos et al. (2018) [56]	Significantly higher	Effective	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Chondrogenic; Angiogenic	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Chondrogenic; Angiogenic	✓: CD105, CD90, CD73, CD44; ✖: CD34, CD45, CD11b, HLA-DR	✓: CD105, CD90, CD73, CD44; ✖: CD34, CD45, CD11b, HLA-DR
6	Zhang et al. (2018) [57]	Comparably effective	Significantly higher in 4 dental MSCs and UCMSCs than BMSCs & ADSCs	Fibroblast-like cells	Fibroblast-like cells	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Chondrogenic	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Chondrogenic	✓: CD105, CD90, CD73, CD44; ✖: CD34, CD11b, CD19, CD45, HLA-DR	✓: CD105, CD90, CD73, CD44; ✖: CD34, CD11b, CD19, CD45, HLA-DR
7	Ghaderi et al. (2018) [53]	ND	ND	ND	ND	Osteogenic; Adipogenic	Osteogenic; Adipogenic	✓: CD166, CD105, CD90, CD73, CD44; ✖: CD14, CD34, CD45	✓: CD166, CD105, CD90, CD73, CD44; ✖: CD14, CD34, CD45
8	Aboushady et al. (2018) [62]	Moderately effective (less than BMSCs and more than SSMSCs)	Significantly higher in BMSCs	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	ND	ND	ND	ND
9	Ansari et al. (2017) [54]	ND	ND	ND	ND	Osteogenic	Osteogenic	✓: CD146, STRO-1	✓: CD146, STRO-1
10	Kaibuchi et al. (2017) [46]	Highest proliferation	Higher proliferation in BMSCs and PDLSCs followed by PSCs and ADSCs	ND	ND	Osteogenic; NO: adipogenic	Osteogenic; Adipogenic	✓: CD29, CD44, CD90; ✖: CD31	✓: CD29, CD44, CD90; ✖: CD31
11	Gao et al. (2014) [55]	Significantly higher than PDLSCs but lower than DSCs	Effective	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Odontogenic	Osteogenic; Adipogenic	✓: CD146, CD105, CD90, CD29, STRO-1; ✖: CD34, CD45	✓: CD146, CD105, CD90, CD29, STRO-1; ✖: CD34, CD45
12	Gay et al. (2014) [49]	ND	ND	Spindle-like cells	Spindle-like cells appear in immunoflouresence pictures	Osteogenic	Osteogenic	✓: CD105, CD29, STRO-1, integrin b1, SSEA4, OCT4	✓: CD105, CD29, STRO-1, integrin b1, SSEA4, OCT4
13	Yang et al. (2013) [60]	Significantly higher	Effective	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Chondrogenic	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Chondrogenic	✓: CD146, CD105, CD90, CD29, STRO-1; ✖: CD31, CD34	✓: CD146, CD105, CD90, CD29, STRO-1; ✖: CD31, CD34
14	Moshaverinia et al. (2012) [45]	Significantly higher in comparison to BMSCs	Significantly higher in PDLSCs than BMSCs	ND	ND	Osteogenic; Adipogenic	Osteogenic; Adipogenic	✓: CD146	✓: CD146
15	Zorin et al. (2014) [63]	Significantly higher	Effective	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Chondrogenic	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Chondrogenic	✓: CD146, CD105, CD90, CD73; ✖: CD34, CD45	✓: CD146, CD105, CD90, CD73; ✖: CD34, CD45
16	Moshaverinia et al. (2013) [65]	Significantly higher	Significantly higher (PDLSCs); Effective (BMSCs)	ND	ND	Osteogenic	Osteogenic	✓: CD146, CD73; ✖: CD34	✓: CD146, CD73; ✖: CD34
17	Otabe et al. (2012) [50]	Effective	Effective	ND	ND	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Chondrogenic	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Chondrogenic	✓: CD166, CD146, CD105, CD90, CD44; ✖: CD34, CD45, CD117	✓: CD166, CD146, CD105, CD90, CD44; ✖: CD34, CD45, CD117
18	Mensing et al. (2011) [47]	Effective	Significantly higher in ScMSCs followed by PDLSCs	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Chondrogenic	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Chondrogenic	✓: CD105, CD90; ✖: CD31	✓: CD105, CD90; ✖: CD31
19	Fournier et al. (2010) [51]	NS (not specified)	NS	Fibroblast-like cells	Fibroblast-like cells	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Chondrogenic	ND	✓: CD146, CD105, CD90, CD73, CD44, CD29, STRO-1; ✖: CD34, CD45, CD117, CD200, HLA-DR	✓: CD105, CD90, CD73, CD44, CD29; ✖: CD34, CD45, CD117, CD200, HLA-DR
20	Tomar et al. (2010) [58]	Significantly higher	Effective	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	Fibroblast spindle-like cells	Osteogenic; Adipogenic; Chondrogenic	ND	✓: CD105, CD90, CD73, CD44, CD29, HLA-ABC; ✖: CD14, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR (more stable)	✓: CD105, CD90, CD73, CD44, CD29; ✖: CD14, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR