Exosomes: Emerging Therapy Delivery Tools and Biomarkers for Kidney Diseases

Table 1

The diagnostic role of urine-derived exosomal miRNA in renal disease.

Kidney diseases	Changeable molecules	Mechanisms	Ref.
AKI	Upregulation: ↑; miR-200c, miR-9a, miR-141, miR-200a, miR-429	Target Zeb1/2; Regulate TGF-β-associated fibrosis	[45]
	miR-16, miR-24, miR-30c-5p, miR-192-5p	-	[45, 46]
T2DN	Upregulation: ↑; miR-19b-3p	Target SOCS-1; Regulate inflammation	[47]
	miR-320c	Target TSP-1; Regulate TGF-β-associated fibrosis	[48]
	miR-150-5p, miR-362-3p, miR-877-3p	Regulate p53, mTOR, AMPK pathways; Involve in oxidative stress and fibrosis	[49]
	miR-133b, miR-30a, miR-342, miR-192, miR-15b, miR-34a, miR-636, miR-let-7c-5p	Regulate fibrosis	[50–53]
	Downregulation: ↓; miR-let-7i-3p, miR-24-3p, miR-27b-3p,	Involve in Wnt/β-catenin signaling	[54]
T1DN	Upregulation: ↑; miR-145, miR-30a; Downregulation: ↓; miR-155, miR-424	-	[55, 56]
LN	Upregulation: ↑; miR-26a	Regulate podocyte differentiation and cytoskeletal integrity	[57]
	miR-21, miR-150	Target VEGFA and SP1; Regulate fibrosis	[58]
	miR-146a	Target IRAK1 and TRAF6; Regulate inflammation	[59]
	Downregulation: ↓; miR-29c, miR-let-7a	-	[60, 61]
PKD	Downregulation: ↓; miR-30a-5p, miR-30d-5p, miR-194-5p	-	[62]
RCC	Upregulation: ↑; miR-150-5p, miR-204-5p	-	[63, 64]
	Downregulation: ↓; miR-126-3p	-	[63]
FSGS	Upregulation: ↑; miR-155; Downregulation: ↓; miR-1915, miR-663	-	[65]
NS	Upregulation: ↑; miR-194-5p, miR-146b-5p, miR-378-3p, miR-23b-3p, miR-30a-5p	-	[66]